Measuring Short Run and Long Run Relationship Between Gdp Per Capita and Consumption Per Capita of India free essay sample

By Rizwan Mushtaq Under supervision of Mumtaz Ahmed ABSTRACT This study is based on examining the relationship between income and consumption series of India covering the period of 1980-2009. Data about certain indicators were obtained from the official web site of World Bank. In first step of data analysis appropriate ARMA model was determined using correlogram and information criteria as well, and applied to the consumption data only. These models (ARMA and ARIMA models) are built up from the white noise process. We use the estimated autocorrelation and partial autocorrelation functions of the series to help us select the particular model that we will estimate to help us forecast the series. Second step of data analysis was comprised of co-integration and Error Correction model. It was found that per capita Gross Domestic Product and final household consumption per capita of India are not cointegrated. It was observed that both the series are integrated at order two I (2). We will write a custom essay sample on Measuring Short Run and Long Run Relationship Between Gdp Per Capita and Consumption Per Capita of India or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page But second condition of co-integration was not satisfied, the residuals were not found stationary. Hence it might be possible to conclude that there is no long run relationship between consumption and GDP series of India. As we know that the series are not co-integrated so we cannot apply Error correction model, but for the sake of understanding more specifically we also applied Error Correction Model. The adjustment co-efficient was not up to the standard it was around zero, it suggest that there is no need to make adjustments. Keywords: Gross Domestic Product, Consumption, ARMA, Co-Integration, Error Correction Model 1 AUTOREGRESSIVE MOVING AVERAGE PROCESS 1. Moving Average Process ARMA assumes that the time series is stationary-fluctuates more or less uniformly around a time-invariant mean. Non-stationary series need to be differenced one or more times to achieve stationarity. ARMA models are considered inappropriate for impact analysis or for data that incorporates random shocks†. More specifically an ARMA (pq) process is a combination of AR (p) and MA (q) models. Such a model states the current values of some series y depends linearity on its own previous values plus a combination of current and previous values of a white noise error term. The model could be written as: Keeping the effect of (Yt-1, Yt-2, Yt-3, Yt-4) fixed. ACF and PACF patterns for possible ARMA (p,q) models are as follows: AR(Process) MA(Process) ACF PACF ACF PACF Geometrically Number of non-zero It is significant at and It declines declines points = order of AR up to order of MA geometrically process, it takes non- process zero value up to order of AR ARMA (p,q) Process ACF Declines geometrically PACF Declines geometrically This methodology used sometimes and have certain flaws and issues. If both ACF and PACF declines geometrically we got ARMA procedures, just see the graphs and decide. BOX-JENKINS APPROACH They provide a methodology to fit an ARMA model to any given data series. It tells how to fit your ARMA model, there approach involves three steps: i. ii. iii. Identification Estimation Diagnostic Step 1: Identification Determining the order of ARMA model. This is done by plotting both ACF and PACF overtime. It tells us what order should we keep. Step 2: Estimation In this ste p we estimate the parameters of the model specified in Step I, using OLS and Maximum Likelihood method, depending on the model. Step 3: Diagnostic In this step model checking takes place. Box and Jenkins suggested two types of diagnostics 1) Over fitting (deliberately fitting a larger model than that is required) 2) Residuals diagnostic (Checking residuals for independence using Ljung-box test). Drawbacks in Box and Jenkins Approach Most of the time plot of ACF and PACF do not provide a clear picture. They do not match with deciding criteria; neither has MA nor AR process. So where we have messy real data we are unable to know which model is to use, and interpretation is very hard in this case. 7 Solution to This Problem Solution to this problem is to use the information criteria. Several criteria are available in literature but the most important criteria are discussed here. 1) Akaike’s Information Criteria AIC 2) Schwarz’s Bayesian Criteria SBIC 3) Hannan-Quinn Criteria AIC = ln(? ^2) + 2k/T SBIC = ln(? ^2) + k/T * lnT HQIC = ln(? ^2) + 2k/T * ln(lnT)) Where ? ^2 = RSS/T-K T= No. of observations, K=No. of regressors HQIC When plots are difficult to interpret and decide. We use information criteria; SBIC is considered the best one. The minimum value of SBIC is acceptable. CO-INTEGRATION 1. Integration To understand co-integration, it is essential to discuss integration first. A series is said to be cointegrated of order (1), if it becomes stationary after taking the first difference. The original series will called integrated at I (1) if it attains staionarity at second difference the series will called integrated at order two which can be written as I (2). And if the series become stationary at order (p) time the original series will be I (p). 8 2. Co-Integration After brief explanation of integration, now it is palpable to interpret co-integration. If two variables that are I (1) are linearity combined, then the combination will also be I (1). Two and more series (Xt, Yt) are said to be co-integrated if, i. i. They have same order of integration The residuals obtained from regressing Y on X are stationary. These two conditions must be fulfilled otherwise series will not considered as co-integrated. Engle and Granger, Procedure of Co-Integration Engle and Granger, proposed a Procedure for Co-Integration in (1987). X ? I (1): X is integrated of order (1) Y ? I (1): Y is integrated of order (1) Series X and Y are said to be co-integrated at order One I (1). They are actually non-stationary at level and become stationary at first difference. The combination of series X and Y will also be integrated at order one, it can be expressed as: Z = ? X + ? 2Y Z ? I (0) This process involves four steps: 9 Step I: Test the variables (x, y) for their order of integration using ADF. a) If both (x, y) are integrated of order (0) i. e. both are stationary at level than there is no need to test X, Y ? I (0). b) If both variables (X Y) are integrated of different order, than their will be no cointegration. c) If both variables (X Y) are integrated of same order, than proceeds to step II. Step II: Estimate long run (possible co-integration) equation if, X Y ? I (1). Here one thing should be noted that 95% of the economic series become stationary at order (1). If X Y ? I (0). Than estimate the following equation and get residuals Yt = ? 1+ ? 2 Xt + ? t Step III: Check the order of integration of residuals i. e. residuals are tested for stationary using ADF. It is important here to note that stationarity of residuals is tested by estimating the model without intercept and without time trend. So, estimate the following model. ? ? 10 Note: estimate this model and test the null hypothesis, also note that we have to use different critical values which are more negative than the usual Dickey-Fuller critical values, use critical values proposed by Engle and Granger. Step IV: In step 4 we estimate Error Correction Model (ECM). It gives us both short run and long-run impacts of X on Y, and also provides the adjustment co-efficient. Which is the co-efficient of lagged values of error term i. e. et-1. ERROR CORRECTION MODEL Error Correction Model (ECM) simply corrects the error. Here one thing is important to discuss that if variables X Y are co-integrated than the residuals (et) obtained from regression of Y on X will be stationary. It might be expressed in this way: et ? I(0) So, we can express the relationship between X and Y in the form of an Error Correction Model as: ?Yt = b1 + ? Xt + ? t-1+ Vt†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ (10) Where, b1 = is short run impact of x on y. Vt = is the error term. And ? is the co-efficient of et. It is also called adjustment co-efficient, feedbacks and adjustment effect. If ? = 1 than 100% of adjustment taking place. If ? = 0. 5 than 50% of adju stment taking 11 place, and If ? ? 0 than there is no need to make adjustments. Basically Error Correction Model provides us both short run and long run impacts of X on Y. EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS ARMA 1-Identification Figure: 1 Correlogram Consumption Step I: As we know that the first step of ARMA is identification, it is done through correlogram. Figure: 1 Correlogram consumption denotes the typical processes from the ARMA family with their so called characteristics autocorrelation and partial autocorrelation. These described function of autocorrelation are not derive from relevant formula, rather are estimated using underlying simulated observations with disturbance drawn from a normal distribution. Figure: 1 articulates that the autocorrelation and partial autocorrelation functions are significant at lag 1, while the autocorrelation function declines geometrically, and is significant until lag 3. Plot of the 12 onsumption series (see appendix figure 1) also shows increasing trend which represents that the series is integrated, and we need to proceed with taking logarithms and first differences of the series. Step II: We now in step two because of above behavior of consumption series which we observe through correlogram. Here we take the log of consumption series and then first difference of said series. Below are the comman ds that are used to do so: genr lcons=log(cons)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. (i) genr dlcons=lcons-lcons(-1)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. (ii) We get correlogram of newly created dlcons (log-differenced) series, which is portrayed here: Figure: 2

Au Revior Les Enfants Essays - Childhood, Youth, Youth Culture

Au Revior Les Enfants Essays - Childhood, Youth, Youth Culture Au Revior Les Enfants 592099243 Au Revior Les Enfants The movie Au Revior Les Enfants ,or Goodbye Children translated, has a lot of symbolism that applies to the films theme and subject in its title alone. The theme of childhood, innocence, and adulthood-growing up and the subject of the movie is seen in the title and throughout the entire film. Childhood is portrayed throughout the film in many different ways. One obvious way is the games the children play on the stilts. It is ironic that the games they are playing have to do with war and fighting, the same things that are going on outside the gates of the monastery. During the movie you also see the innocence of childhood when the children trade different items for marbles and when Julian wets his bed. You also get to see the children start to grow up in a sense. The boys in the movie look at nude women, read books about romance and smoke cigarettes. These things show how the boys are growing up and about to enter adulthood but still are children and have a lot of growing up to do. The symbolism in the title is seen though out the movie in many different aspects. Goodbye Children is seen when the children start to grow up, they are growing up and saying goodbye to their childhood, The title is also portrayed when when the children are taken away from the monastery and Julian waves goodbye to the rest of the children. Some other ways the title is also seen is when Father Jean is taken away and says goodbye to the children. You are left not knowing what is going to happen to them if this is just goodbye for now or goodbye forever until the narration lets you know. Then you are also saying goodbye to the children also. The symbolism in the movie and in the title help show the theme and subject of the movie.The movie shows how the characters saying goodbye to the innocence of childhood and hello to the real world of adulthood. The fact that the children and Father Jean are taken away shows the movies title in the aspect that they are saying goodbye to the rest of the children. The movie has may other types of symbolism though out. These are just some ways the movie shows symbolism regarding its title.

Fast Food Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Fast Food Industry - Essay Example According to one study, kids tend to increase intake of calories by at least 15 percent when they consume fast food. As a result they get extra six pounds per year if they do not burn extra calories through exercise. Due to easy availability and temptation of taste buds, people prefer fast foods over other healthier foods such as vegetables, fruits in their diets. Company campaigns and new varieties also direct people towards fast foods. Researchers at the University of California, Berkeley found that living near a fast food outlet increases obesity risk by 5.2 percent. Another health hazard that fast food is significantly responsible for is Type 2 Diabetes. Regular eating fast food is responsible for this disorder.Fast food consumption also leads to cardiovascular disorders. Researchers in a study done at the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences in Ontario, Canada discovered that localities with higher density of fast food outlets tend to increase coronary incidents among the population by huge 262 percent. Use of trans fats or hydrogenated vegetable oil should be banned completely in the preparation of fast foods across the country; however, many fast food companies have voluntarily reduced or completely stopped the use of trans fats in their food preparations (The New York Times, 2013). In short, fast food outlets are required to be regulated for its ingredients, its locations and its publicity campaigns so that it does not harm a large section of the population.

Gerrymandering Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Gerrymandering - Assignment Example Position of house majority whip has the responsibility of persuading members to support the conference position on votes. Other leadership positions in the house of representative are house republican conference chair, vice-chair, and secretary, house republican policy committee chairperson and national republican congressional committee chairperson. Filibuster refers to any attempt by a member to obstruct or delay the senate action on a bill or other issues by debating it for long or providing procedural motions or by any other means of delaying or obstructing the actions. Filibuster blocks the senate from making consideration for ideas that can help solve major problems faced by the United States. Members of Congress, the executive and other outside groups can draft the bill. Next step is introducing the drafted bill into the House by a representative who must be a member of the House. The speaker of the House then submits the drafted bill to a committee, which may table, amend or vote the bill and then pass it to the rules committee. Rules committee makes a decision on the rules for debating the bill. The floor of the house then debates on the bill and may add some amendments, and it goes to the senate only if majority vote in favor of the bill. After the senate action, the president may sign (approve) the bill or veto (reject) it. The bill becomes law if the president approves it. Position of house majority whip has the responsibility of persuading members to support the conference position.

Employee Law and Relation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Employee Law and Relation - Assignment Example This article analyses the basic requirement or what qualifies to bring a claim for unfair dismissals and reviews the recent judgments on termination of employment contract and leads to a broad understanding of what courts consider fair and unfair dismissals. The law explains employee as a person who is employed to provide services to a firm or company on the continuous basis in return of some compensation, who doesn't provide the same services as a part of the independent business. A contract of the employment consists of express terms and implied terms. Express terms explain the terms agreed between the employer and employee, which includes wages and anything, which is related to it. The express contracted terms may not be written one. The express terms may be found in pay slips, letters given to employees before or after he or she started working or in any letter the employee was asked to sign during the course of work. When a particular employment problem crops up it has to be ascertained that whether the employer is a worker. However, any document like, pay slips, the job advertisement any letter sent by the employer in possession of the employee itself will prove that he or she is a worker of that company. The employee must have 12 months continuous service, there are exceptions to this rule. Even if the employee has less than 12 months service he/she may bring a claim for unfair dismissal if he/she is dismissed for the reasons mention under unfair dismissal clauses. To bring a claim under unfair dismissal act the employee must have worked under a contract of service or employment and must have been dismissed in order to raise a claim. In constructive dismissal, the employee resigns, but claims that his employers conduct towards him was the reason to resign the job. If the employer disputes the dismissal, the onus of proving the dismissal lies with the employee, and then only the claim will continue to the next stage. If the employee qualifies under the unfair dismissals legislation he may bring the claim to The Rights Commissioner or Employment Appeals Tribunal.  Ã‚  

The Preceding The Beatitudes Theology Religion Essay

The Preceding The Beatitudes Theology Religion Essay Preceding The Beatitudes is the beginning of chapter 5 in the Gospel of Matthew. This is also the introduction to the Sermon on the Mount. Matthew 5 starts off with Jesus going up on the mountain. Matthew 5:1 Seeing the crowds, he went up on the mountain, and when he sat down his disciples came to him. When you first read this text you think that he was being overcrowded and simply went up on the mountain for more space. However, is that the only reason Jesus went up on the mountain? When we look at other verses in the Bible such as Luke 6:12 In these days he went out into the hills to pray; and all night he continued in prayer to God. Perhaps Jesus felt closer and more alone with God by being on the hills or mountain. Perhaps it made him feel closer to God. Or another reason may be that he was interacting and teaching his disciples on the mountain while the crowds surrounded them to listen down low. Look at the second part of this verse, when he sat down his disciples came to him, whenever Jesus sat down somewhere it was usually a good indication that he would be teaching so his disciples automatically came over to him. Matt 13:2, Mark 4:1, and Luke 5:3 are all other examples of when he sat down and taught as well. Matthew 5:2 And he opened his mouth and taught them by saying: This is where the teaching, otherwise known as The Beatitudes begins. In this part of the Bible Matthew seems to be portraying Jesus as the new Moses. The term Beatitude comes from the Latin word Beaus. It means happy, fortunate or blissful. Each beatitude has two phrases, kind of like a cause and an effect. Each beatitude also starts off with the word blessed. To be blessed is to be happy and filled with the Holy Spirit. The eight beatitudes in Matthew 5:3-12 Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven (5:3) Blessed are those who mourn, for they shall be comforted (5:4) Blessed are the meek, for they shall inherit the earth (5:5) Blessed are those who hunger and thirst for righteousness, for they shall be satisfied (5:6) Blessed are the merciful, for they shall obtain mercy (5:7) Blessed are the pure in heart, for they shall see God (5:8) Blessed are the peacemakers, for they shall be called Sons of God (5:9) Blessed are those who are persecuted for righteousness sake, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven (5:10) (5:11 12) Blessed are you when men revile you and persecute you and utter evil against you. To rejoice and be glad, for your reward is great in heaven. Now let us take a deeper look at each beatitude individually. Matthew 5:3 Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the Kingdom of Heaven. This is the opening verse to the Sermon on the Mount. At that time, the word Blessed was a common word for describing someone who is happy. That meaning of the word has been lost in the present day interpretation, but that seems to be the original intent of the Gospel writer. Blessed also means to be made holy, so when someone is blessed it means they are experiencing a life changing, spiritual transformation. Whoever goes by these rules will lead a happy life and a step closer into getting into Heaven. This could also be the interpretation of the word Blessed used. In my opinion, it means both. The poor in spirit, I think this means actual poor people, people who are destitute. Like the woman who gave everything she had, and was commended by Christ for doing so. It means they have spirit, yet little else, so they are blessed with spirit or in spirit, and theirs is the kingdom of heaven. They may not have anything on earth, but they can be assured of the afterlife. Matthew 5:4 Blessed are those who mourn, for they shall be comforted. We already know that Blessed means to be made holy and to be happy. But what shall we mourn over? This can be having many meanings. A person can mourn over the loss of a loved one or friend, or even the loss of possessions. A person can also mourn over sin. Everyone mourns someone or something at sometime in their lives. In time, we laugh and are happy again. I think that is Gods way or seeing us greive and in pain and He puts happiness back into our lives. When I was a little boy my dog got ranover by a car and I cried for two weeks straight and wouldnt talk to anyone. I am an only child and that dog was my best friend. The dog would wait for me at the bus stop and walk me home even. After about 2 weeks over hell, I got off the school bus and found a puppy hiding under some bushes. I didnt really want the puppy at first, but knew it was alone like me so I took it home. I think God put that puppy in my path because he seen I was sad and lonely. God and the puppy (Cuervo) healed me. Matthew 5:5 Blessed are the meek, for they shall inherit the earth. In Greek literature, the meaning of the word meek means gentle or soft. So to be meek you should be gentle and not strong. You should be gentle in a disposition that you do not fight Gods will. Also, if you compare Mathew 5:5 in different Bibles, you get the same translation as well; The King James Version Blessed are the meek, for they shall inherit the earth. World English Bible Blessed are the gentle, for they shall inherit the earth. As you can see, they have been translated even further and shows that meek means gentle. The phrase inherit the earth could mean that in time God will come down to earth and choose these gentle people to rule over the entire world. Or it could be that these gentle people will get their every need provided by God. Matthew 5:6 Blessed are those who hunger and thirst for righteousness, for they shall be satisfied. Hunger and thirst here could be an expression for a strong desire. Since hunger and thirst are something EVERYONE needs in order to have nourishment to live, so does their soul need nourishment in faith. The soul needs nourishment as well in the need or desire of forgiveness of sins and to want to do the right things on Earth to go to Heaven. Those who have a great desire for righteousness will be satisfied in Heaven. Matthew 5:7 Blessed are the merciful, for they shall obtain mercy. Those who have mercy on others shall get mercy from God. People can show mercy to others in numerous ways. By sympathizing with them, showing them affection and tenderness. In return, when the believers ask God for mercy for certain reasons, they will receive it. Mercy is Gods gift for mercy. Matthew 5:8 Blessed are the pure in heart, for they shall see God. To be pure means to be clean and in the New Testament the heart is believed to be the center of ones essence or being. When I read this I think of small children for they are pure in heart and are said to have a guardian angel following them around to see that no harm comes to them. So maybe that is it. If we cleanse ourselves of bad thoughts and nastiness to make ourselves pure we shall see God by being under his protection until the day we actually see Him standing at the gates of Heaven. Matthew 5:9 Blessed are the peacemakers, for they shall be called sons of God. These peacemakers can be individuals that will go out of their way to make others happy or to help others in their time of need and the result being in that some way peace was made or kept. These are the ones that put themselves at risk in order to prevent arguments or wars. The phrase sons of God is a common Hebrew expression that means someone who has the quality and characteristic of God, someone who is Godlike. Matthew 5:10 Blessed are those who are persecuted for righteousness sake, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. Blessed are those who are persecuted, not for any crimes they have done, but for unrighteousness. In other words, by living saintly and living righteously, you will separate yourself from the unrighteous people and be permitted into heaven. Now let us take a look at some similar passages in the Bible. Four similar blessings appear in the Gospel of Luke and are followed by four woes that mirror the blessings. This passage in Luke is also known as the Sermon on the Plain; Luke 6:20-22 Blessed are you poor, for yours is the kingdom of God Blessed are you that hunger now, for you shall be satisfied Blessed are you that weep now, for you shall laugh Blessed are you when men hate you, and when they exclude you and revile you, and cast out your name as evil, on account as the Son of man! Luke 6:24-26 But woe to you that are rich, for you have received your consolation Woe to you that are full now, for you shall hunger Woe to you that laugh now, for you shall mourn and weep Woe to you, when all men speak well of you, for so their fathers did to the false prophets. Theere being a difference in the Gospel of Matthew and the Gospel of Lukes version of the Beatitudes shouldnt surprise us really. Think about it. This is two different peoples version of what was said. Of course it would be recorded differently, because everyone is different and interprets things different in their mind. What does The Beatitudes say about the relationship with God? Basically through The Beatitudes God is giving us a pathway to follow to find happiness with God in our lives. By centering our lives on God, we become transformed. I think the whole message of The Beatitudes is if we center our life on God, we will find peace in our lives. What follows after The Beatitudes is the rest of chapter 5 in The Gospel of Matthew and also the continuation of the Sermon on the Mount. Chapter 6 in the Gospel of Matthew is also a continuation of the Sermon on the Mount. Here Jesus tells the disciples to be discrete in several areas of their lives versus showing off with pride. Doing these things in secret will result in rewards from the Father in secret. Give to the needy, pray in your home with the door closed, fast in private, and not to worry about earthly treasures, but instead worry about treasures you can store in heaven by keeping your heart on God. I think the main question this passage may have addressed in the community for which it was originally written was What about the ten commandments? Think about it. At the time Jesus was giving these new rules from God, everyone was honoring the ten commandments as the law. Im sure Jesus had to explain that the ten commandments ARE the law, but The Beatitudes are kind of a modification to the laws. The ten commandments were the laws of the Old Testament and, yes, they are still the laws, but times were changing and new modifications were needed in the New Testament time.

Neuropsychological and Employment Implications: A Case Study of :: Medical Medicine Essays

Neuropsychological and Employment Implications: A Case Study of Whiting’s Patient Introduction: In 2005, the case study patient was involved in an automobile accident, where he sustained a head injury (Whiting, 2005). During a routine CT scan to check for possible brain damage, his physicians discovered an abnormal growth within his third (3rd) ventricle, in the approximate region of the frontal lobe. The physicians later determined that the growth was a colloid cyst, which is a collection of gelatinous material. On the advice of his physicians, the patient underwent neurosurgery to have the cyst removed, and recovered without any serious side effects. The diagnostics, treatment, and follow-up care associated with brain surgery are not performed in a vacuum; rather, the appropriate level of pre-operative and post-operative care relies on the deliberate cooperation of various parties. These parties include the neurologist, the neurosurgeon, the psychological and psychiatric professionals, the patient’s spouse, his or her employer, and the patient her or himself. The intent of this paper is to examine the roles of the neuropsychologist and the patient’s employers in the successful treatment, using the case study of the patient as a vehicle to conduct this analysis. This paper will begin with a brief overview of the frontal cortex and the 3rd ventricle, followed by the viewpoints of the neuropsychologist and the patient’s employer. The Frontal Cortex: A Brief Overview The brain’s outermost covering, the cerebral cortex, is partitioned into four lobes: the occipital lobe, the parietal lobe, the temporal lobe, and the frontal lobe. Although these lobes, as well as the rest of the brain, mutually innervate each other, each particular lobe is associated with different aspects of behavior and information processing (Drubach, 2000). The occipital cortex contains much of the neurons used in the processing of visual images, the temporal lobe processes many components used in the understanding of language, and the parietal lobe contains the primary somatosensory cortex, the cortical structure involved in the processing of touch sensations and muscle and joint data. (Kalat, 2001) Of interest to us is the frontal lobe. It extends from the central sulcus (a deep cortical groove extending along the coronal plane to both hemispheres of the brain) to the anterior limits of the brain. The two main divisions of the frontal lobe are the primary motor cortex and the pre-frontal cortex. The latter structure, the primary motor cortex, is responsible for the coordination of fine motor movements throughout different

A clockwork orange: chapter One Essay

One gets an initial impression of Alex and his friends from the first page: Alex says, â€Å"There was me†¦ and my three droogs†. Immediately this suggests that he and his friends are close, like a gang, and this leads on to the idea of conflict. The closeness of Alex and his friends is elaborated upon throughout the chapter. He frequently uses the phrase â€Å"The four of us† and, when speaking to Pete, Georgie and Dim, he says, â€Å"Oh my brothers†. Their close camaraderie is summed up on page six, where Alex describes it as being â€Å"usually one for all and all for one†. Then he begins to describe three â€Å"devotchkas†, whom one presumes to be members of a rival gang (the reader is told that Alex and his friends are â€Å"malchicks†). There is no brevity in Alex’s description, and he goes into detail when describing the clothes and make-up. It is likely here that Alex has a certain respect for these gang members, indicated by his lengthy description of their bright uniforms, and by the fact that he speculates on the large cost of these uniforms. But there is also a clear element of mockery. This is especially apparent in the sentence â€Å"These were supposed to be†¦ â€Å", with an emphasis on the word â€Å"suppose†. He is putting the credulity of the gang into doubt, debunking their claims. This is quite childish in some respects, and reminds the reader of his tender age. Alex and his â€Å"droogs† also wear uniforms, and Burgess describes them in a way that makes them unique to those four – by telling the reader what design each of the four had for their â€Å"jelly mould†, he is putting them apart from the rest of the world, giving them a uniqueness and style that no one else possesses. The uniforms are also a barrier between them and the rest of the world. This is also true of the â€Å"maskies† that the four often wear. As well as the more practical use of hiding their face from recognition, the masks separate the boys from the rest of society, making them stand out, and perhaps feel superior. Also, the outrageous costumes, to choose a better word, are a clear symbol of rebellion. It is ironic, therefore, that the boys wear them, as uniforms have always been associated with conformity. The language of the boys is the most successful at suggesting conflict with the outside. To begin with, the words are very harsh. Hard sounds, especially obvious with the many Ks, make the words infinitely more savage. The language used to describe other people is degrading: old women are â€Å"ptitsas† and men are â€Å"vecks†. The boys do not use this language when speaking to people who are not involved in gang warfare. To the man coming out of the library, Alex is polite and uses mostly understandable language. It is obviously because he is mocking the man, but it is also possibly because he would not understand (since it seems that he speaks normally). So this is their language, something they use to each other. This is a straightforward example of their conflict with the â€Å"outside†. But the language not only acts as a barrier between the four boys and the older members of society: it also acts as a barrier between the boys and the readers. For anyone starting the book for the first time, the words used are baffling, and it takes a lot of getting used to. What is more, Alex feels the need to explain what some of the words mean: â€Å"†¦ a rooker (a hand, that is)†. It is at this point that the readers become, in effect, a part of the society that Alex is rebelling against. We are on the outside. Finally, the language is used in such an extraordinary way, that it alienates us even further. It is in some instances quite chilling. Words like â€Å"poogly† are very childish; the best example is â€Å"appy polly loggies†, which is some corrupted baby version of the word â€Å"apologies†. It contrasts the stark violence of the book, giving it an even more savage tone. It is a strange mixture for Alex to use, reminding the reader that he is young. Plus, not only does it make the reader aware of the conflict Alex has with society, but also the deep struggle that is going on in Alex’s mind. 1. What impressions are we given of the society and the environment presented in chapter one? Use examples. (10 marks) The first impression one gets when reading about Alex’s world is what an absolutely seedy place it must be. The â€Å"Korova Milkbar† sounds very entertaining but rather run down, and one is informed that it is one of many â€Å"mestos†. Obviously it sells milk, but reading further on, one is told that this milk is â€Å"plus something else†, that something else being hallucinogenic drugs of some sort. It is then that one gets an idea of the depravity of the society in which Alex lives. Alex then mentions what he and his friends do to obtain money: either they can beat someone up in an alley and empty his pockets, or they can â€Å"do the ultra violent† on an elderly woman in a shop and steal the money from the till. One realises that, fairly obviously, something has gone wrong with the world in Alex’s time. Various violent and criminal topics follow, such as gang warfare and the description of a drug-induced â€Å"high†. It paints a morbid picture of a world in which violence reigns supreme, where there are no rules any more and society has disintegrated. This is backed up by the fact that any kind of law enforcement is not mentioned until later in the chapter. These â€Å"millicents† are obviously not important and Alex and his friends can easily outsmart them. So, in effect, there is no law enforcement. Early on, the only indication that some sort of legal system exists is the fact that â€Å"mestos† were not licensed to sell liquor (which does not seem to stop them any way). Another aspect of society that is not missing, but seems unpopular, is that of literature. Alex reports that â€Å"newspapers {are not} read much† – whether this is because of illiteracy or just lack of interest, one is unsure. The Public Biblio, which is the derelict-sounding municipal library, was something that â€Å"not many lewdies used those days†. Again, the reason why is not clear. Owing to the other â€Å"past-times† of the day, namely ultra-violent criminal activities, it is likely that nobody is interested in literature any more. This certainly fits in with the way in which Alex and his friends persecute a man just because they saw him coming out of the library with books in his hand. However, there are references to institutions that seem very active in the Alex’s world. The first is the health service. A â€Å"rozz† informs the gang that there have been â€Å"two hospitalizations†. The fact that the hospitals in Alex’s world are busy is blatantly obvious, due to the height of criminal activity. One is unsure of how efficient these hospitals are. In a State-run society such as this, one would imagine they were very inefficient indeed. The other institution that is still up and running is school. Alex himself tells us that he must go to school the following morning, and we later learn that this is a corrective school. Overall, the world in Alex’s day seems extremely bleak. Wherever Alex is, it is clearly a police state, where individual rights and freedoms do not stand for much. The older, and in some ways, unnecessary institutions, such as the library system and newspapers, seem to have lost appeal completely, presumably replaced by â€Å"worldcasts† and â€Å"Milkbars†. It does not sound like somewhere anybody would actually want to live.

Birthright Citizenship in the United States

Birthright Citizenship in the United States Birthright citizenship in the United States is the legal principle that any person born on U.S. soil automatically and immediately becomes a U.S. citizen. It contrasts with U.S. citizenship obtained through naturalization or acquisition- citizenship granted by virtue of being born abroad to at least one U.S. citizen parent. A â€Å"birthright† is defined as any right or privilege to which a person is entitled by virtue of birth. Long challenged in both the courts of law and public opinion, the policy of birthright citizenship remains highly controversial today, particularly when applied to children born to undocumented immigrant parents. Key Takeaways: Birthright Citizenship Birthright citizenship is the legal principle that any person born on U.S. soil automatically becomes a citizen of the United States.Birthright citizenship was established in1868 by the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution and confirmed by the US Supreme Court in the 1898 case of United States v. Wong Kim Ark.Birthright citizenship is granted to persons born in the 50 U.S. states and the U.S. territories of Puerto Rico, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, and the U.S. Virgin Islands.Today, birthright citizenship is a highly controversial issue as it applies to children born to parents who have entered the United States illegally. Jus Soli and Jus Sanguinis Citizenship Birthright citizenship is based on the principle of â€Å"jus soli,† a Latin term meaning â€Å"right of the soil.† According to jus soli, a person’s citizenship is determined by their place of birth. As in the United States, jus soli is the most common means by which citizenship is acquired. Jus Soli is in contrast to â€Å"jus sanguinis,† meaning â€Å"right of the blood,† the principle that a person’s citizenship is determined or acquired by the nationality of one or both parents. In the United States, citizenship can be acquired by either jus soli, or less commonly, by jus sanguinis.   Legal Basis of US Birthright Citizenship In the United States, the policy of birthright citizenship is based in the Citizenship Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, stating â€Å"[a]ll persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside.† Ratified in 1868, the Fourteenth Amendment was enacted to override the 1857 U.S. Supreme Court’s Dred Scott v. Sandford decision which had denied citizenship to former African American slaves. In the 1898 case of United States v. Wong Kim Ark, the U.S. Supreme Court confirmed that under the Fourteenth Amendment, full U.S. citizenship cannot be denied to any person born within the United States, regardless of the citizenship status of the parents at the time. Under the Indian Citizenship Act of 1924, birthright citizenship is similarly granted to any person born in the United States to a member of an Indian, Eskimo, Aleutian, or other aboriginal tribe. Under the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, U.S. jus soli birthright citizenship, as established by the Fourteenth Amendment, is automatically granted to any person born within any of the 50 states and the territories of Puerto Rico, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. In addition, jus sanguinis birthright citizenship is granted (with some exceptions) to persons born to U.S. citizens while in other countries.   The above statutes and subsequent legislative amendments are compiled and codified into the United States Code of Federal Laws at 8 U.S.C.  § 1401 to define who becomes a United States citizen at birth. According to federal law, the following persons shall be deemed U.S. citizens at birth: A person born in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof.A person born in the United States to a member of an Indian, Eskimo, Aleutian, or other aboriginal tribe.A person born in an outlying possession of the United States of parents one of whom is a citizen of the United States who has been physically present in the United States or one of its outlying possessions for a continuous period of one year at any time prior to the birth of such person.A person of unknown parentage found in the United States while under the age of five years, until shown, prior to his attaining the age of twenty-one years, not to have been born in the United States. The Birthright Citizenship Debate While the legal concept of birthright citizenship has withstood years of challenges in the courts of law, its policy of automatically granting U.S. citizenship to children of undocumented immigrants has not fared as well in the court of public opinion. For example, a 2015 Pew Research Center survey found that 53% of Republicans, 23% of Democrats, and 42% of Americans overall favor changing the Constitution to bar citizenship for children born in the U.S. to undocumented immigrant parents. Many opponents of birthright citizenship argue that it encourages expectant parents to come to the U.S. simply to give birth in order to improve their own chances of attaining legal resident (green card) status- a practice often called â€Å"birth tourism.† According to a Pew Hispanic Center analysis of Census Bureau data, an estimated 340,000 of the 4.3 million babies born in the United States in 2008 were born to â€Å"unauthorized immigrants.† The Pew study further estimates that a total of about four million American-born children of unauthorized immigrant parents lived in the U.S. in 2009, along with about 1.1 million foreign-born children of unauthorized immigrant parents. Controversially calling it the â€Å"anchor baby† situation, some lawmakers have suggested legislation to change how and when birthright citizenship is granted. The 2015 Pew analysis found that birthright citizenship was granted to about 275,000 babies born to undocumented immigrant parents in 2014, or about 7% of all births in the U.S. that year. That number represents a drop from the peak year of illegal immigration in 2006 when about 370,000 children- about 9% of all births- were born to undocumented immigrants. In addition, about 90% of undocumented immigrants who give birth in the U.S. have resided in the country for more than two years before giving birth. On October 30, 2018, President Donald Trump escalated the debate by stating that he intended to issue an executive order completely removing the right of citizenship to people born in the U.S. to foreign nationals under any circumstances- an act some argue would essentially repeal the Fourteenth Amendment. The president set no timeline for his proposed order, so birthright citizenship- as established by the Fourteenth Amendment and United States v. Wong Kim Ark- remains the law of the land. Other Countries With Birthright Citizenship According to the independent, non-partisan Center for Immigration Studies, the United States along with Canada and 37 other countries, most of which are in the Western Hemisphere, offer largely unrestricted jus soli birthright citizenship. No Western Europe countries offer unrestricted birthright citizenship to all children born within their borders. Over the last decade, many countries, including France, New Zealand, and Australia, have abandoned birthright citizenship. In 2005, Ireland became the last country in the European Union to abolish birthright citizenship. Sources and Further Reference Arthur, Andrew R. (November 5, 2018). Birthright Citizenship: An Overview. Center for Immigration Studies.Smith, Rogers M. (2009). Birthright Citizenship and the Fourteenth Amendment in 1868 and 2008. University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law.Lee, Margaret (May 12, 2006). U.S. Citizenship of Persons Born in the United States to Alien Parents. Congressional Research Service.Da Silva, Chantal. (October 30, 2018). Trump Says He Plans to Sign Executive Order to Terminate Birthright Citizenship. CNN.

What are the main causes of social exclusion Essays

What are the main causes of social exclusion Essays What are the main causes of social exclusion Paper What are the main causes of social exclusion Paper Essay Topic: Sociology Social exclusion occurs where individuals become excluded from mainstream society, thus placing them at a disadvantage in terms of life chances. Contrary to the common view that social exclusion is confined only to council estates, individuals from teenage mothers to older adults of various socio-economic levels and family types can easily become excluded from society. This essay shall explain the common occurrences of social exclusion within council estates and their causes. I shall then proceed to discuss the strategies used by various housing organisations to combat the problem. According to the government the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, Social exclusion is a shorthand term for what can happen when people or areas suffer from a combination of linked problems such as unemployment, poor skills, low incomes, poor housing, high crime environments, bad health and family breakdown1. To be excluded from society is not a situation exclusive to residents of council estates suffering from disrepair; individuals become excluded from society when various factors2 prevent or limit their ability and opportunity to participate in the mainstream of society. The following are commonly reported examples of social exclusion. One of the most common examples of social exclusion occurs in council estates, where the residents are generally not content with their living conditions but feel it is the best they can gain. They typically spend most of their time in the home or around the estate, rarely venturing out of the surrounding area. The majority of their life surrounds socialising with family and friends. This estate life is therefore important to them because it occupies such a large part of their lives and provides the large majority of their social contacts. Such a resident will have relatively low levels of aspiration and motivation, which is commonly the result of feeling stuck in low-level employment3 or having to rely on social security and other benefits for a relatively long duration. This is known as the benefits trap. They are also poorly qualified4 and skilled, sometimes with low levels of literacy. The type of people who live in this situation do not perceive the high rates of joblessness or increasing disrepair on their estate as significant problems and take it all in their stride. As a result, they accept: o The level of crime, caused mainly by drugs misuse and the anti-social behaviour of other residents. o Their actual and expected levels of relatively low personal achievement and educational attainment. o Qualities in their environment that wouldnt normally be accepted within mainstream society, such as prolonged disrepair and noise pollution for instance. o High levels of pressure from peers to conform to their activities and standards. The main cause of this common example of social exclusion was the major shift from the manufacturing industries to service industries, mainly over the last two decades. This shift was propelled mainly by the fall of the Keynesian economics and the rise in free market economics. The Thatcherism approach adopted by the conservative government of that time also increased the competitiveness of the services sector, thus improving the sector for the public and making the sector more efficient and profitable. This made many redundant from society as a large proportion of people that were skilled in the manufacturing sector made unemployed and left in a generally unsuccessful search for employment. This is because they are not skilled or experienced in the service industry. This was further worsened by the use of ineffective5 and inflexible housing policies; the under funding of public services, which in turn led to the deterioration and withdrawal of public services from housing estates. As a direct result, those that could move out of the area6, did move out of the area, resulting in the residualisation of the social renting sector as council housing becomes a service for those who can not afford to buy (Forrest and Murie, 1990)7. The housing estates have become poorer places with more unemployed residents, less adequate services and a poorer physical and social environment. When those with the opportunity leave the area, it becomes much more difficult to reverse the process of residualisation through renewal and regeneration of the estate. On the other hand, various factors such as inertia, the feeling of little worth and not being able to aspire to achieve more, lack of security, poor educational facilities for children, poor job prospects and a worsening environment, are all valid reasons to move away. Having grown up in the area, however, many feel tied and are reluctant to leave, despite the fact that the quality of the area has deteriorated. It is easy for single parent families to become excluded from society, when there is little or no support available within reach. This is another common example of social exclusion. Most of the young people in such a situation who had been jobless since leaving school had also experienced a troubled upbringing and an unstable family background; many came from broken homes and had been brought up by various different adults, the partners of one of the birth parents, for example. This causes disruption in the childs life on various levels including education. Many studies into this area display a relationship between poor childhoods leading into a poor adulthood, causing repeating generational life cycles. This leads onto the next common example of social exclusion There has been an increasing governmental interest of the government in the anti-social behaviour of teenagers growing into anti-social young adults. More positive attitudes to work and life can be found amongst young people whose parents were working or had worked for most of their lives but on a low wage. There is increasing awareness of the social exclusion of pensioners, especially those found on council estates. They are scared to leave their home, and so choose not to unless absolutely necessary. There is no adequate support for them and there are recently reported high levels of poverty8 amongst pensioners, as those with supplementary incomes rely solely on governmental assistance. About one million pensioners have no income other than the state retirement pension and benefits. Their vulnerability is underlined by figures showing that they spend about half as much on food as those with private incomes. Those with supportive children rely on them to perform basic task such as essential shopping and they are usually the main source of their social contact. Without this, they become prisoners in their own home, paranoid and reclusive, increasing their risk of mental and physical health problems. Other types of individuals that can become excluded from society are ethnic minorities being both a minority in the country neighbourhood, ex-offenders and the homeless and their difficulties with rehabilitation, people with language difficulties, medical problems, and mental health. Due to their heavy dependence on their local area, local facilities of all types are needed. The stigma and reputation of areas further affects residents in seeking jobs and in a variety of other contexts (Lee, 1998)9. Typical qualities as described by Professor Paul Spicker of poor estates are10: o Vandalism As a result of the inadequate space for children and teenagers to play, both in or out of their home. o Rubbish It may cost money that the local authority does not have to pay for the removal of large items of rubbish (such as old furniture). o Home maintenance The maintenance of homes and gardens costs money for equipment, which many poor people do not have. o Lack of community facilities Shops and facilities are not economically viable and so are not invested in. o Empty housing Housing is left empty because the area is unattractive. In comparison, a bad house in a good area would still be taken. o Design There is a clear connection between bad design and problems such as vandalism, rubbish and graffiti. The problems with high-rise blocks have been lack of play space, isolation, disposal of rubbish; noise insulation, reliance on lifts which are often dirty, vandalised or broken; inadequate water pressure, and insecurity because of fears of fire, building movement or crime. Housing organisations are in place to aid the implementation of the housing policies and legislation of the government. In further detail, housing organisations are in place to improve housing services and facilities, making them more effective; improving educational and employment opportunities, which invests in the future generation in the area; to manage funding and to improve the level of tenant involvement through participation and consultation. This helps to determine the needs of the community and its area, giving their strategies the increased likelihood of being effective in the particular area. This also enables the decision makers to prioritise more effectively and makes the tenants feel more involved, as they are aware of the activities within their own area. The Joseph Rowntree Foundation11 is one of the most prominent charities in the UK in this sector. It aims to contribute towards policy making and the development and implementation of current policies through their extensive research in the areas of housing, social care and social policy. Another housing organisation contributing towards the improvement of the social housing sector is the Housing Corporation12 who provides funding using public money for housing associations to provide sufficient homes and services for its residents. Through regulation, the Housing Corporation ensures that these homes and supporting services remain sufficient to the needs of their residents for the foreseeable future. Such social housing organisations are taking on a much larger and influential role in the governmental drive for economic regeneration through social regeneration. This means that through past experience of failed and poorly designed strategies, the government now acknowledges that they must improve the public that they serve and their quality of life for the economy to improve. The following is a summary of a good practice case study carried out by the Housing Corporation on the East Thames Housing Group: o The East Thames Housing Group13 is based in Stratford, East London and currently possesses eight thousand units. o They are involved in the Single Regeneration Budget14 and the City Challenge15 and are said to have good links with local authorities. o With the help of funding from the European Union, the ETHG ran two series of a project entitled Youthstart16 throughout the years of 1995 to 1999. Youthstart was aimed at young people who are viewed by the government as being the most vulnerable to social exclusion. o Through Youthstart, the young people who took part in the project were provided with accommodation, training and further enhancement of their employment opportunities. According to a new study by David Page, the governments war against social exclusion and anti-social behaviour is a race against time to prevent already troubled social housing estates from deteriorating further17. The increasing popularity and frequency of use of the term social exclusion reflects the governments appreciation of the importance of this large issue. As mentioned previously, individuals of various socio-economic levels can easily become excluded from society. Social exclusion is not just about being poor and living on a council estate; it is about literally not fitting in with society. This encompasses an individual not being able or having the feeling that they are not able to go about daily duties that the average member of society performs. This includes shopping, travelling and socialising, but to name a few. Housing organisations such as the Housing Corporation are funded by the Single Regeneration Budget and the City Challenge. Housing organisations are also developing their intra-organisational relations by involving themselves in various anti-poverty projects, mainly through the New Deal for communities18 and social exclusion projects through the Social Exclusion Unit. The deterioration of council housing stock has intensified the social divide between home owners and council tenants. Disadvantaged residents and their areas require constant attention and support. The levels of tight to insignificant budgets and mismanagement of staff and funding have left public services in a poor condition. This needs to be improved if they are to contribute towards the betterment of the troubled estates. Whether such council estates will improve or continue to decline will depend on the response of its residents and the efforts of the local government and their housing organisations. More needs to be done to retain the current residents on the currently troubled council estates in order to prevent further residualisation of the social housing sector. Participation in community-based activities is an important mechanism for social inclusion19. Tenant involvement through the constant use of consultation and participation is one of the major solutions to social exclusion on council estates. It is likely that initial efforts will be met with resistance but persistence is necessary if attitudes are to be changed reversed in order to function in the mainstream of society, rather than anti-socially. The government and their housing organisations have lost the trust of those that have become excluded from society and left to take care of themselves. This has inadvertently created an exodus of people with particular group norms that do not fit in with mainstream society and so are considered anti-social. Those that are socially excluded but do not fit into such group norms are greater victims, as they are totally alone and so receive the worst treatment. More consultation and tenant participation in plans for regenerating the area. This will provide a greater sense of commitment for the residents and enable them to take more pride in their neighbourhood.

Business Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 4

Business Environment - Essay Example (i) Political factors: These factors include but not limited to political and legal structures, political alliances, foreign trade legislation, trade union power, pressure groups, taxation policies, legislature structures, employment legislation and monopoly restrictions. (ii) Economic factors: These involve inflation rates, money supply, business cycles, trading blocks, the nature and bases of competition domestically and internationally, investment level and unemployment. (iv) Technological factors: These factors include but not limited to the level and focuses of government and industrial R&D expenditure, speed of technology transfer, technological shifts, the direction of technological transfer, the costs of technology and product lifecycles. Tesco is Britain’s largest retailer of grocery, clothing, consumer electronics, and operates general merchandising chain. It commands a greater share of UK market in both food and non-food categories (Humby, Hunt & Phillips 2007, p.1). Even though Tesco enjoys great patronage because of its high customer loyalty, the current financial crisis is indirectly affecting Tesco’s business activities in the following ways: (i) Economic effects: The economy in UK has resulted in many workers being laid off. As the level of unemployment rises, those in that population automatically lost their purchasing ability; because they have no money to order from Tesco stores. It has been reported that UK is currently in economic recession, like every other Western European economy; what this circumstance signifies is that people tend to cut back on their expenses. This attitude could rob Tesco of continuous in-flow of capital that is needed to keep the company operating. As banks face a crisis that see their customers’ deposits dwindled over the past months, Tesco will increasingly find it difficult to secure loans as operating capital to sustain its business activities. Worse still, the

The American Military Adventure In Iraq And Philippine Essay

The American Military Adventure In Iraq And Philippine - Essay Example The Philippines became an independent democratic country that is seen to today to be more or less a success. This may bode well for Iraq, a country that has been through terrible times and now seems to be improving. This essay will look at how these two actions by the United States were very similar. The Monroe Doctrine of 1823 created a new era of American foreign policy. Some critics might call this policy expansionist, and although that is certainly an important element of it, it was also motivated by a desire to spread principles of democracy and good governance. Many idealists of the period believed the principles at the heart of the U.S. Constitution were universal and should be shared with everyone. By the end of the 19th century, the Monroe Doctrine was to come into full effect in a war with the Spanish. Not only would the Americans take control of Spanish possessions in the Caribbean such as Cuba, Puerto Rica, and other islands, but as the war expanded so would the remit of the Monroe Doctrine. The United States would gain control of the Philippines, far from its own shore, and attempt to remake the Spanish colonialism political system in its own image. The result would be a bloody conflict fought with Filipino insurgents that would take America many years to quell. Following the American victory over Spain and the taking of the Philippines, there was a great deal of tension between the U.S. and the locals. This came to a head in 1899 when American soldiers shot some Filipinos. Things quickly got out of hand with both sides raising armies and fighting conventional wars. The Americans rapidly defeated the convention Filipino forces, killing two of their best generals and pacifying many of the urban areas. But as the Filipinos fell back, they regrouped as guerrillas and had huge local support.