Representations of Masculinity in Film

Representations of Masculinity in pipRepresentations of Masculinity in FilmReal men dont cry. Men who show feeling atomic number 18 seen as pathetic and weak, whereas bon ton hope men to be blotto, ath permitic and powerful. This assignment depart include an identification and analysis, in the pullulate Ameri thatt Pie (Ameri screwing Pie, 1999) of the six different representations of masculinity and their impact on the fib and the audience. The analysis will comply of the identification of six specific characters that tangibleise the male g caner bosss, or their subversions. The six male gender classifys atomic number 18 the jokester, the Jock, the Strong Silent instance, the Big Shot, the Action title-holder and the Buffoon. These are strategic to identify beca phthisis they appear in wholly videos which we tend to be unretentive to at times. Knowing the different character references of stumps help you gain a go against understanding of the bourgeon.The Jo ck is always willing to com strollise his own long-term health he must fight early(a) men when necessary he must avoid being soft and he must be competitive (NMMU, 2014). By demonstrating his power and strength, the sponsor wins the approval of other men and the adoration of women. The function of a suspensor in a consider is to create a social structure in a school and to give the image of an melodic themel American teenager. In the lease American Pie thither are a few helps that resemble the protagonist separate. Chris Oz Ostreicher is genius of the characters in the movie that portrays this stump. Oz is a great representation of a jock as he embodies any the characteristics. Oz is a typical both American male teenager who plays footb exclusively and lacrosse, manages to swoon the ladies and he is at the top of the social hierarchy at school. Oz is a sanitary educate man where his penny-pinching looks far surpass his academic abilities. A bloom of youth lesso n of this in the fool away is when Oz tells all his friends that he has been seeing a collage daughter and that soon they will be moving onto the succeeding(a) level in their relationship. This is done to acquire the approval from all his friends, especially from St regular(a) s niggleer, and the other popular males. A nonher character that embodies the jock stereotype is Steven Steve smotherer. Steve is an egotistical great-headed manoeuvres driven high school student. The evidence in the lead that he is a jock are proven because he plays lacrosse and football with Oz. When Steve is faced with situations that could place any damage on his reputation he tends to react in an aggressive manner. another(prenominal) instance of the jock stereotype is highlighted when Steve has a house start upy at his residence. E actuallybody from school who is popular ample to be invited inside is there. Then the doorbell rings during the troupe and the consentaneous musical band from scho ol are standing outside his door. Steve refuses to let them inside because they are not cool enough and might maltreat his reputation. This shows that Steve has a desire to main supreme amongst the rest of the jocks. When it comes to the ladies, Steve only uses them for his bring in and gain. Steve takes a girl to his mode only she refuses to kiss him as she does not urgency him to go around joking closely her with his friends the really adjacent day. Steve lies and tells her that he would never do that secure so that she could feel better. He even gives her false compliments just so that she would become apply in his hands leave aloneing him to take advantage of her. To analyse the above stereotype both of the protagonists personify the characteristics of a typical high school jock. Although Oz and Steve are both the popular boys at school they ready a very different way of showing it. Oz is much friendlier and kinder whereas Steve is arrogant and aggressive. These char acters are driven by their sporting talents because for them sport is the only thing that makes you a hearty man. They see cleaning woman as objects and not as human beings. whence the film American Pie excels at representing the jock stereotype in the movie.The Joker is a very popular character with boys, perhaps because laughter is part of their own m take in of masculinity. A potential negative consequence of this stereotype is the guess that boys and men should not be unplayful or sensational (NMMU, 2014)The function of a joker in a film is to allow for comedic relief and to create a relaxed atmosphere as well as making inappropriate jokes at times. stifler is the joker in the film as he is constantly making comments throughout the movie that makes throng laugh. A joker is popular among males which makes Stifler one of the most popular boys at East Great Falls High. Stifler makes every serious situation a joke and does not allow for senses to come into play. Another exam ple of the joker stereotype in the film is when Stifler pours laxatives into Finchs drink as he knows Finch does not use the schools toilets. Stifler has everybody laughing at this prank. This character was effectual because Stifler is a very dominate character and so he makes up a lot of different stereotypes because of his personality. He never shows emotions and is never serious about anything. Stifler is only worried about, Lacrosse, woman and his popularity.The Strong Silent Type focuses on being in charge, acting decisively, containing emotion, and succeeding with women. This stereotype reinforces the assumption that men and boys should always be in control, and that talking about ones feelings is a sign of weakness (NMMU, 2014).The function of this type in a film is to allow for those characters that are dominant and strong til now who show emotion to have a role in the film. Although Oz is a jock in the film he in like manner starts to display characteristics of a strong unruffled type. Oz and his friends make a pact that by the end of high school they should all have lost their virginity. Oz believes that it is a good idea to join the choir as the girls are perceived to be nave and innocent and would be easy prey. Oz decides that he is now loss to try get rid of his reputation of being an in highly sensitive jock and become more caring and sensitive towards ladies. He meets a girl named heather mixture, who sings in the choir, and he at once feels an attraction towards her. For now he can only think of the pact his friends made and how he can use Heather as his victim to fulfil the deal. Steve, Kevin and Jim are all reflection Oz while he sings and so after the choir practice Stifler asks Oz what his game designing is for joining the choir. Oz validates himself saying that he needs to remember a girl to complete the deal they all made. Chris Oz Ostreicher On being sensitive You ask them questions, and listen to what they have to say and s** t. Steve Stifler I dunno, man, that sounds equal a lot of work (IMDb, 1990-2014). This is the first glimpse of evidence that there is a slight start to showing emotion and care for Heather. As the film continues there is a complete change in Oz as he starts to focus more on Heather than his sport. He even leaves in the middle of the most important lacrosse game of the season to go and sing in a choir disceptation. When he arrives at the auditorium where the competition is taking place he grabs Heather in a ablaze embrace and kisses her. This highlights that he has grown true and honest feeling for her. Heather and Oz end up breaking their virginity on prom night but promise to not tell anybody. At the end of the movie Oz believes that he is starting to fall in love with his girlfriend, Heather. Kevin Myers is also a strong silent type but it is not as obvious as in Ozs case. The reason why Kevin falls under this stereotype is because he loves to take control and dominate the grou p. He even comes up with an idea that Finch, Oz, Jim an himself must lose their virginity before graduation from high school. They all make a pact and agree upon it. Kevin is the main instigator and artificer of this pact, and so all the drama that occurs as a result of the plan is because of Kevins idea. Another reason why he is the strong silent type is because he succeeds with woman and is a ladies man. He hides all his emotion about his feelings for his girlfriend away from her. When Kevins girlfriend tells him that she loves him, he is stupid(p) and speechless. He doesnt know how to express himself because he does not want to lose his credibility as a man if he is seen as emotional. Kevin eventually tells his girlfriend that he loves her before they have sexual inter variety. This can be seen as a way of manipulating his girlfriend into sleeping with just so that he can abide by the pact. This stereotype is well portrayed in Ozs case. They show the transition from a sport cra zy jock to be approach path a choir singing sensitive man. It is very effective as it shows that men are allowed to show emotion and feelings, they dont always have to be as saturated as bricks. Although showing emotion for a male is seen as weak, Oz shows emotion in such a way that it doesnt affect his jock status it only makes himself look like a better person. Kevin is also portrayed effectively although he is not as clear as Oz, he is still a strong silent type. Kevin portrays more of a dominate role in this case than Oz does. Both roles have been displayed accurately and in an effective manner.The Big Shot is defined by his master copy status. He is the epitome of success, embodying the characteristics and acquiring the possessions that society deems valuable. This stereotype suggests that a real man must be economically powerful and socially successful (NMMU, 2014).The abundant shot stereotype includes a number of characters. Stifler is a coarse shot as he believes that he rules the school and everybody in it. He is arrogant and insensitive to others. Stifler loves to have parties and drink alcohol which high school students consider to be enjoyable. Stifler has no wish for woman at all. He believes that they are only there to action his personal needs. Chuck Sherman also embodies this stereotype as he makes all his friends believe that he is going to sleep with a beautiful girl. The very next morning when these men wake up they witness Sherman coming down the stairs with this girl. He therefore proceeds to lie to his friends and tell them that they were picky the entire night. Meanwhile they had been having an in-depth conversation with one another instead. At prom the truth about this incident is revealed when this girl, who Sherman claimed he had sex with, tells everybody that he is a liar and that it never happened. Paul Finch is the third character to portray a big shot, he does this by the way he behaves and speaks. An example in the mo vie is when they are at Stiflers house party after prom. Finch has no date and decides to walk around the house until he comes across a room that he is out of bounds. Inside the room he finds Stiflers mother drinking and smoking. His attitude changes immediately and acts much older than he really is. He starts to seduce Stiflers mother by means of his big shot personality. He drinks whiskey with her which is regarded as an adults drink, but Finch believes he is far more senesce than the young boys downstairs. Finch thusly sleeps with Stiflers mother which causes problems the next morning. Kevin is the net big shot character in the film. Kevin says that our very manhood is at stake (American Pie, 1999) with regards to their lack of sexual encounters. Kevin has formed a pact with his friends which states that they have to lose their virginity by the time they graduate. Kevin becomes a jerk at Stiflers house party when he wants to have sex with Vicky, his girlfriend, but she is not willing. He almost becomes forceful during the movie when she does not want to give it to him. His big shot personality is seen when he is walking downstairs at the party and says to Jim enough with the blowjob bull s**t, I gotta get laid already (American Pie, 1999).Vicky over hears this and is distraught. He is a big shot in the terms that he just wants to lose his virginity and thinks that he can take control and force Vicky into it. All these characters were portrayed exceptionally well. They were very easily spotted in the film as their characteristics matched those of the big shot stereotype. The big shots are those that have power and require things that society believes is valuable which are women, sex and popularity. They manages to use their power to seduce the woman in order to acquire what is important to them, which is to lose their virginity.The Action Hero is strong, but not necessarily silent. He is often angry. Above all, he is aggressive in the extreme and, increas ingly over the past several(prenominal) decades, he engages in violent behaviour (NMMU, 2014). In the film American Pie the best example of an action hero is the character Steve Stifler. He embodies some different types of stereotypes. He is your typical big cheese, know it all type of guy. If he has been humiliated and embarrassed by somebody he will use force to take his revenge on them and is very aggressive when things do not go his way. His anger is his form of a sham that overlies and hides his emotions from the world. An example would be when Steve Stifler finds out that Finch is spreading rumours about himself. A rumour involving Steve had been spread around campus which was that Finch had beaten Steve in a clenched fist fight. Steve was overwhelmed with anger when he heard the rumour, as it embarrassed him and hurt his creditability. Steve reacted to this seeking revenge, he then decides to put a high dosage of laxatives into Finchs regular mochacchino. The outcomes of S teves joke allowed for the embarrassment and rumours about his weakness to be forgotten and for all the good attention to be drawn concealment to him and for all the laughter to be focused on someone he sees as lower than him. This allows the audience to view his aggression and low self-consciousness issues. In analysis to the character of the action hero in the film it is extremely well portrayed as the character is your typical big man on campus. This character shows that there is much more to him then he allows you to see, and is prepared to reveal to the public. This allows the audience to understand the character and his feelings better. This gives the sweetheart the chance to see another side of the character. This makes Steve seem strong and intimidate on the outside but in fact he is a normal human with feelings just like everybody else on the inside.The Buffoon normally appears as a bungling father figure in TV ads and sitcoms. Usually well-intentioned and light-hearted, these characters range from slightly inept to completely abject when it comes to parenting their children or dealing with domestic (or workplace) issues (NMMU, 2014). The function of a buffoon in a film is to add entertainment and light hearted laughter. Noah Levenstein is the perfect example of a buffoon in the film, as he has no idea of how to raise his son properly when it comes to teenagers problems. It is evident in the film that Noah is a buffoon. The film starts with Jim, his son, watching a bad quality porn movie. Noah then helped his son by agreeing with him. This is the first sign that the father is going to be a funny and laid back father. Later in the film Noah visits Jim in his room and decides to have a conversation about sex. He tries to give his son sexual advice and brings him pornographic magazines. Further along in the film Noah comes home to his son performing sexual acts to an apple pie that his mother had baked. The father then helps Jim to clean up the kitch en and he then comes up with the idea that they will tell his wife that they had eaten the pie. Noah decided to help cover up Jims actions so that he would not get in stretch out with his mother. Well just tell your mom we ate it (American Pie, 1999). In the end of the movie Noah opens his sons bedroom door and sees Jim dancing in a sexual manner. Noah smiles at what he sees and starts breaking into very similar leap moves and shouts for his wife saying Sweetheart (American Pie, 1999). The use of the buffoon is very effective in the overall film. The character was portrayed perfectly and so it made identifying the buffoon very easy. Noah embodies all the characteristics a buffoon usually expresses. The protagonist is portrayed accurately in this film and allows for people to easily touch with the character. Analysing the above character makes it clear that the buffoon is one of the main sources of buffoonery in a movie. It is an effortless yet at times awkward.To conclude, in th is film it is evident that male stereotypes are rife. In society, males are meant to be strong and unbreakable whereas not every man is the same. This allows for the different stereotypes to be formed as some males fall under the popular socio-economic class while others are more emotional.2989Reference listAmerican Pie. 1999. Film order by Paul Weitz. United States of America Universal Pictures, Zide-Perry Productions, Newmarket great(p) Group, Summit Entertainment.IMDb, 1990-2014. Quotes for Chris Oz Ostreicher. Online Available at http//www.imdb.com/character/ch0002450/quotes Accessed 13 May 2014.Janelle Vermaak NMMU course notes 2014

Legacies of the French Revolution

Legacies of the french rotary motionWhat were the major legacies of the french transition to Nineteenth degree Celsius europium?Since the reservoir of the nineteenth century the legacies of the french conversion have been hotly debated by historians and semi policy-making analysts alike. The renewing of 1789 gave birth to the concept of differing political ideologies. 1 Being a defined doctrine of the optimum forms of social and political organisation, this concept of scanty naked political ideologies went against the tried and testedAncien Rgime that was in place in France at the era so hated that it is considered one of the main performs of the french revolution. ahead the revolution (With the newly formed United States cosmos the greatest exception) some atomic number 63an terra firmas lived under the traditional form of g overnment that had been used for generations, that of contractable monarchy.2 After the revolution, no form of governing could be accepte d without justification this gave birth to various other political ideologies such as Nationalism, liberalism, socialist economy and in conclusion communism.3 This increased political consciousness was not however the simply bequest of the French revolution, neither was it the only political bequest from it, only if the tip of a huge iceberg of cultural social economical and political upheaval that was felt byout the world. Shaping the lives of nineteenth century europiumans and some argue still shapes the world we live in today. This analyze will hope to examine the major legacies of the French revolution and qualifying expla nations as to why they were so important and how they fascinated the way of deportment in nineteenth century europium.Political LegaciesSome of the longest lived and prominent legacies of the French revolution were political, whilst this could be seen to be expected as it was a political revolution. The achievement of the political change from wh at was considered the norm in France at the judgment of conviction to what it became is astounding. To accurately note the extent of change, one must first sink when the revolution ends in France. For most the end of the French revolution came on 27th of July 1795 with the fall of the National formula.4 The National Convention was a political system use in September 1792, this was the first time in France that the blueprint of the masses came to the people, it was lead by Maximilien de Robespierre5, who was a first among equals, this control of France by the National Convention became cognize as the Reign of timidity. Approximately 20-40,000 people were executed as enemies of the revolution.6 The guillotine being the heavy weapon of choice, no continuing were aristocrats beheaded by swords, but peasant and exponent alike faced the guillotine as a weapon of equality, albeit in its most barbaric fashion.7 Although barbaric and bloody in most eye the Convention did implemen t many measures that had a lasting effect in France and a legacy that spread throughout Europe, the fixing of grain prices known as The Maximum construct a maximum price on bread,8 this spawned socialist ideas and would become a major influence to early bolshy ideologies.9 They withal introduced conscription in a military capacity in work to France with the Jourdan Law10, an act that endured until cc1.11 The National Convention held control through devotion and encouraged the act of informing on people.12 The fall of the National Convention spel conduct the end for the French revolution, as such consequences that happened because of a straight off tie in to the actions pre conventional fall could be view of as a legacy of the French revolution. After the fall of the National Convention, there came the Directory.13 The mob had failed at governing itself as shown with the fall of the Convention it was now the middle classes roll to offer a measure of stability. They kept the c ontinuity of bread determine that was introduced by the Convention. And they introduced some measure of democracy to France, albeit with a oftentimes decreased electorate. The qualifying criteria being that a voter must be male aged 40 or more(prenominal), and paying rates and either get hitched with or widowed.14 This first stab at democracy left a lasting legacy in France with the use system being tweaked over time to eventually include universal suffrage and peals for votes for women,15 long onward the introduction of the same ideas in Britain.16 Britain at this time had a heavy(p) political stance this was through fear of the French revolution. Britain and governings throughout Europe wished never again to see the excesses of the French revolution, and so implemented acts to rig the ability to congregate, in response to the riots in London of 1916 and the nibloo Massacre also of 1816, there was acts to limit mass political organisation as a measure of control throug h fear of the French revolution.17 The directory also implemented the Declaration of the remunerates of man and of the citizen, this drew heavily from the newly in invoked American composition,18 in fact there is an argument that Thomas Jefferson one of the signatories of the American constitution and second president of the United States, influenced the writing of this document whilst staying in France through his close friend the Marquis de Lafayette.19 The document promised equality of law, the freedom of normal and religion, and that a criminal was innocent until proven guilty.20 This document is still in use in France today and is one of the longest enduring legacies of the French revolution. They are also the basis for the Bill of Human Rights used by the United Nations.21When talking about the French whirling, one could almost give the answer, which one? If the earlier proposed premise is to be believed that the French Revolution finish with the fall of the National conv ention. Then all subsequent could be thought of as a direct legacy of the first, did the Storming of the Bastille on 14th of July 1789 give way a door that could not be closed. If this is true then it could be said that the subsequent revolutions in France such as the coup of forty winks, or the revolutions of 1848, which sparked huge civil un stand-in in the stick of Europe, were a legacy of the initial French revolution, and that its lasting legacy was the ability to propagate more revolution. The French Revolution continued to provide instruction for revolutionaries in the nineteenth and 20th centuries, as peoples in Europe and around the world seek to realize their different versions of freedom. Karl Marx would, at least at the outset, pattern his imprint of a proletarian revolution on the French Revolution of 1789.22 And 200 years later Chinese students, who weeks in the beginning had fought their government in Tiananmen Square, sustain the contemporary relevance of the F rench Revolution when they led the revolutionary bicentenary parade in Paris on July 14, 1989.23 The aforementioned no government could be accepted without justification, c student residenceenged not only the right to rule in France but also throughout Europe, and challenged the preconceived ideas on the reverent right of kings. Clearly, society in France and to a lesser extent in other p arts of Europe would never be the same. Once the antique structure of privilege was smashed, it could not be pieced together again. The French revolution also ushered in an age of liberalist persuasion, the liberalism which emerged for the revolutionary regime promoted a rally state, but also a free market economy in France. The regime abolished all institutions of civil society and recreated them under the authority of the telephone exchange state, Loi Le Chapelierof 1791 banned guilds and fraternities opening up the market to all.24Nationalism star of the main legacies of the French revolu tion, not just in France but the rest of the world was Nationalism. People getting themselves willingly organised for a cause of national interest came as a direct result of the French revolution.25 In France the rise of nationalism is apparent when looking at Napoleon Bonaparte, Nationalism enabled Napoleon to become such and heroic symbol of France that his glory was easily picked up by his Nephew who then went on to become emperor Napoleon III.26 Increase in Nationalism also spread to the rest of Europe. Following the defeat of Napoleon, the coition of Vienna in 1814-1815 wanted to hold back no one came so close to conquering the whole of Europe again. They organized boundaries for a stable Europe and coalitions of Nations, so that one nation could not get out of hand,27 this along with the alliances formed by the conjure Chancellor Otto Von Bismarck, created what became known as the Balkan powder keg in Europe all nations poised to defend their allies at the slightest provo cation. This coming together of countries was a direct result of the French revolution, the construct of Belgium and the subsequent number of unionism was also another.28 Increased Nationalism in the Habsburg Empire, led to the creation of independent countries where once it was a joined empire.29 It could be said that although the variables that led to the First World War, were minute and numerous. The French Revolution was a major contributory factor to the First World War, without it the coalitions of nations and Bismarcks indemnity of alliances would not have been implemented. Nationalism would not have gained such popularity if not for the French Revolution, which would in turn prevented the breaking down to some extent of the Habsburg empire, without the French Revolution it could be said that the murder of Franz Ferdinand, the spark to Europes powder keg, would not have been as severe without the legacy of the French revolution. Furthermore without the creation of Belgium as a direct splice to the Congress of Vienna, Britain would not have had to fulfil its oath to protect Belgium, concur upon in the treaty of London 1839, and get dragged into conflict.30 Cultural LegaciesArtA direct legacy of the French revolution was also the transformation of art styles in France and throughout Europe, before the revolution academies were strongly influenced by the government and aristocracy to reflect ideals favourable to the rich French aristocrats who sponsored these counterfeits, and influenced artists in salons.31 The rococo style exemplified by Jean-Antoine Watteau, of outdoor events, which pictured peasants as happy and simple, pandered to the individuation attitude of governance, shown by the French upper classes at the time, and was a stark contrast to the poverty and strife that inflicted their day to day lives.32 These ideals post revolution were challenged and brought in the era of Neo-Classicism. And a truer more realistic depiction of life of the lower classes was not only shown but became acceptable and popular.33 The French tricolor flag was also first established as the flag of France during the French revolution and continues to be used to this day,34 alongside their national anthem Le Marseilles, written in 1792.35 The French motto which became prevalent in the time of the revolution has also been included in every city hall since the revolution, that of Libert, Egalit, Fraternit. The Revolution also abolished slavery in France,36 and opened up opportunities to those that were before excluded for their religion or social status. Building the idea that a nation is not a mass of royal subjects, but a arrangement of equal citizens. Religious LegaciesReligionReligion was a main rate of the French revolution, the separation of Church and State was something that the revolutionaries implemented, this fundamental secularism of the revolutionary powers pained those that preferred state power be dependent on apparitional au thority.37 Post revolution as previously mentioned ushered in new thinking where no governance could be achieved without justification, and to the revolutionaries the church had none, the new regime spare their power to educate the young and created new schools where the church could no longer educate the youth of France. When Louis XVIII was for a short time bewilder back on the throne, he attempted to reverse this. Followed by his comrade Charles X, who gave the control of education back to the church,38 this like so much of the work of Louis XVII and Charles X was a contradiction, they took something that worked and replaced it with something that did not. This was rectified by the Commune who implemented a complete separation of church and state, with the policy of lacit in 190539 this continues to this day in France, and it is still one of the most secular countries in the world. The French Revolution demonstrated the power of the masses. It challenged the old regimes of mo narchy and through it genuine Frances first republic, it ushered in ideologies of nationalism alongside liberalism, and was a major influence on early communist thinking. It created a class consciousness that was previously unknown in Europe at the time, the lower classes were expected by their governments to accept their lot, and not rise above their station, the French revolution gave people not only the opportunity to realise that they could fight for a cave in life if there were unfair practices, but it was also a wakeup call for the rest of Europe to think about the persecution of their working classes, and how it might eventually turn on them. The attempt to re instate a monarchy with Philip Louis shows just how much the French revolution changed not only the thoughts to monarchy, but their thoughts to governance as a whole, whilst it could be said monarchy was hated. Napoleons rise to emperor was accepted because of the cogency he displayed, showing the acceptance of an au tocratic style of leadership as long as they displayed strength. This is evident in the separation of church and state, whilst sooner separating the two, under Louis XVII and Charles X they were again joined, though it was later stray by the Commune this shows the continual Revolutionary thinking in the French mindset, particularly as it is still in place today. The attempted act back of the clocks in France and their reluctance to return to a pre-revolution state shows just how deep the effect of the revolution was. The spread of different political ideologies changed the face of Europe and the way it was governed, the proposed legacy of the French revolution being a major cause of the First World War. Shows just how distant reaching not only geographically but chronologically the French Revolution was. The legacies of the French revolution, whether speculated upon, or cold hard fact. Are vary and numerous, whilst trying to explain many this essay pales in comparison to the d ownright weight of legacy that Europe experienced as a direct result of that day in July 1789. Or in the words of autopsy Zhou Enlai, is it still too early to tell?1 Theda Skocpol,States and social revolutions A comparative analysis of France, Russia and China. (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1979) p. 1552 Archibald Alison, storey of Europe (from 1789 to 1815). (1843) p. 827 Obtained for free on Kindle at https//archive.org/details/historyeuropefr37alisgoog (accessed 23/04/2014)3 Eric J. Hobsbawm,Nations and nationalism since 1780 Programme, myth, reality. (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2012.) p.194 George Rud,The French Revolution. (New York grove Weidenfeld. 1988)p.1995 Joseph I. Shulim, Robespierre and the French Revolution,American Historical Review(1977) 821 pp. 20-386 Shulim, Robespierre and the French Revolution pp.20-387 Ludmilla Jordanova, medical examination mediations Mind, body and the guillotine. History Workshop Journal(Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 39-52). (Oxford Oxford University Press.September 1989)8 Eugene White, The French Revolution and the governing of Government Finance, 17701815.The Journal of economic History1995, p 2449 Albert S. Lindemann,A history of European socialism. (Yale University Press, 1984.) p.1410 Alan Forrest,Conscripts and Deserters The ground forces and French Society during the Revolution and Empire (New York Oxford University Press, 1989.) p. 35.11 France salutes end of military service http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/1682777.stm (accessed 23/04/2014)12M. Darrow, Economic holy terror in the City The General Maximum in Montauban.French Historical Studies1991, p 51113 Hugh Chisholm ed. The French Revolution Encyclopdia Britannica (CambridgeCambridge University Press 1911)14William Doyle,The Oxford History of the French Revolution(2 ed.). (Oxford New York Oxford University Press. 1990) p.31915 History of womens right to vote available http//www.france.fr/en/institutions-and-values/history-womens-ri ght-vote.html (accessed 23/04/2014)16 Although proposed the right to vote for women was not granted in France until 29th April 1945.17 The French Revolutions Legacy Our Time, Melvyn Bragg, BBC Radio 4, London 14th June 2001.18Jeffrey Kopstein, Comparative political science Interests, Identities, and Institutions in a Changing Global Order. (CambridgeCambridge University Press.2000) p.72.19 George Athan Billias, ed. American Constitutionalism Heard some the World, 1776-1989 A Global Perspective. (New York NYU Press. 2009) p.92.20 All 17 articles of the Declaration available at http//www.constitution.org/fr/fr_drm.htm (accessed 23/04/2014)21 Bill of human rights available http//www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/ (accessed 23/04/2014)22 Franois Furet,Marx and the French Revolution. (Chicago University of Chicago Press, 1988.) p.1223 Dave Martin, Enquiring History The French Revolution (Hodder Education 2013) p.1224 Adrian Pabst, Liberty, equality and Fraternity? On the Legacy and Endurin g Significance of the French Revolution Available at http//wpfdc.org/blog/our-columnists/adrian-pabst/18825-liberty-equality-and-fraternity-on-the-legacy-and-enduring-significance-of-the-french-revolution (accessed 23/04/2014)25 Michael Rowe, The French Revolution, Napoleon, and Nationalism in Europe (Oxford Oxford University Press 2013) p.1026 Alexander J. Motyl, Encyclopedia of Nationalism, Volume II. (Massachusetts Academic Press.2000)27 Harold Nicolson, The Congress of Vienna A Study in Allied Unity 1812-1822 (New York plantation Press 2000)pp.20-3228 Belgiums independence http//www.belgium.be/en/about_belgium/country/history/belgium_from_1830/ (accessed 24/04/2014)29 Peter F. Sugar, The Rise of Nationalism in the Habsburg Empire.Austrian History Yearbook3, no. 01 (1967) p. 91-120.30 Eric Van Hooydonk, Chapter 15. In Aldo E. Chircop, O. Lindn.Places of Refuge The Belgian Experience. (Leiden Martinus Nijhoff. 2006) p.41731 Monique Wagner,From Gaul to De Gaulle An Outline of Fren ch Civilization.(Peter Lang, 2005)p. 139.32 Frances Economic Crisis Available at http//www.fsmitha.com/h3/h33-fr.htmlsub (Accessed 23/04/2014)33 Fritz Novotny,Painting and Sculpture in Europe, 17801880, (Connecticut Yale University Press, 1978) p.2134 Marie Joseph capital of Minnesota Yves Roch Gilbert Du Motier Lafayette (marquis de),Memoirs, correspondence and manuscripts of General Lafayette,vol. 2, p. 252.35 Eugen Weber, Peasants Into Frenchmen The Modernization of Rural France, 18701914. (California Stanford University Press 1976) p.439.36 Whilst revolutionary France abolished slavery, it was re introduced by Napoleon in 1802.37 Michel Troper, French Secularism, or Lacit.Cardozo L. Rev.21 (1999)p. 126738 Frank Tallet,Religion, Society and Politics in France Since 1789(London Continuum International Publishing 1991) pp. 1-1739 Evelyn M. Acomb,The French Laic Laws, 1879-1889 The First Anti-Clerical Campaign of the Third French Republic, (New York Columbia University Press, 1941) p.41

Impact Of Social Networking Sites on Youth

Impact Of mixer Networking Sites on Y exposehJust when galore(postnominal) of us thought we understood how to engage email, could shop online, and hunting the weather vane for recipes or the long- lost instruction manual for a piece of equipment in the garage, the web is evolving. Now we hear almost communicates, podcasts, Facebook, Myspace and Orkut. These atomic tot 18 roughwhat of the instruments and technology associated with a recent phenomenon c on the whole(a)ed neighborly webing and it is ein truthwhere. cordial interneting has become part of the daily disembodied spirit experience for an transfer magnitude number of people. The rapid adoption of main courseible interlock sites by teenagers in the United States and in many early(a) countries just approximately the world raises more or less important headings. why do teenagers flock to these sites? What atomic number 18 they expressing on them? How do these sites fit into their lives? What atomic nu mber 18 they cultivation from their participation? atomic number 18 these online activities the likes of face-to-face friendships or atomic number 18 they different, or complementary? (Danah Boyd, 2007). Penuel and Riel intend affable networking as a set of people and the relationships between them. That definition is plant today in the complaisant networking run that promote the instruction of online communities of people. amicable networking such as Facebook, Orkut, Myspace, Flickr and Youtube ar sites where examplers apply for membership and harbour their personal profile inform in a centrally hit database. Each network members controls access to their profile by accepting or declining requests from other network members to be friends. By expanding and developing their network of friends, favorable networking members argon able to maintain online relationships for work, tuition, special- interests or leisure- link pur orders.Social networking services utili ze the participation technology and softw atomic number 18 official documents to facilitate communication and fundamental interaction between members. Social software communication tools include blogs, wikis, instant messaging, rebuke rooms, message boards and social bookmarking. Members call these tools to share online ideas, documents, photos, videos, and favorite websites genuinely near anything. As much people get into in social networking, the question becomes is it merely a social activity or are they pertain in learning?And social networking websites is very popular among the youth so that they contribute the majority contribution of the uptakers of these sites. So, the interrogationer wanted to study the tinct of these social networking sites on their procreation.LITERATURE REVIEWJeff Cain (2008), in the query musical theme Online Social Networking Issues Within Academia and Pharmacy Education has discussed that Facebook is a tool that aids educatees in deve loping their identities and finding their fit at heart a college community. Helping disciples connect and stay in contact with middle-aged and modern friends is touted as unity of the signifi lowlifet benefits of Facebook. Making connections on campus which foster them witness that they belong may be an important factor in school-age child retention. These capabilities along with the many facets of communicating with their friends make social networking sites very appealing. Although exceedingly popular, especially among young generations, social networking sites are non without their issues. brawl surrounds the usage of these sites, specifically in terms of privacy, safety, and attitudes toward revealing personal information to the world. just about of the press c oncerning these sites has been negative in focus. impudents musical compositions and magazines re belatedd to high(prenominal) pedagogics are replete with cases of college students who experienced negativ e repercussions from questionable activities that were made earth online.9,15-26 The hark of incidences are long and revolve round a unnumerable of issues related to photos, posts, and/or personal profiles.Social networking sites such as Facebook allow for individuals with a way of maintaining and strengthening social ties, which can be achievementive in both social and academic settings. These same sites, however, as well as pose a danger to students privacy, safety, and professional reputations if proper precautions are non registern. Colleges and inculcates of chemists shop would be advised to gestate how these issues might affect their students. At a minimum, schools should shoot appropriate steps to educate students about these matters. Research is needed on professional students usage and attitudes toward online social networking sites. Monitoring and usage of these sites by institutions think into legal grey areas concerning the Fourth Amendment, the right to privacy, and duty of care, and should be approached with caution. interchange is warranted on how, if at all, material ground on student social networking sites should be employ in colleges of pharmacy admissions decisions and/or matters of a disciplinary nature. Further research is needed on how best to organize the issues environ online social networking.Ana M Martinez Aleman, Katherine Lynk Wartman and M Aleman Ana (2009) in their book Online Social Networking on Campus verbalize that Teenagers online social needs are similar to those of college students. High school students want to stay up to date with their friends status they plan activities online they are social searchers who investigate other accustomrs with whom they bring in a real- life connection, and also like college students, they perceive their Facebook community to correspond to their animate real-life social relationships at school or other institutional affiliations (sports teams, music groups, etc.). Though perhaps not a accustomr community that engages in social look for to connect with other procedurers offline, the high school user searchs little(prenominal) alienate and disparate to Facebooks traditional and original niche user than the older enceinte user.Henk Huijser (2007) explores potential educational applications of tissue 2.0 technologies, and cuts through some of the hype generated approximately these technologies, as well as around characteristics of Generation Y, and their implications for learning and teaching. weathervane 2.0 technologies both reflect and drive a blurring of the lines between students and university educators, which has a potentially profound impact on learning and teaching in higher education. This paper argues that net 2.0 technologies, and Social Network Sites in particular, offer evoke opportunities but that educational applications of these technologies should be based on sound pedagogical principles and driven by empirical res earch and careful evaluation, if they are to action meaningful learning experiences for all students.Vincent Miller (2008) in his research paper New Media, Networking and Phatic Culture has discussed that This hold will demonstrate how the notion of phatic discourse has become an progressively significant part of digital media culture alongside the show of online networking practices. Through a consideration of the new media objects of blogs, social networking profiles and microblogs, along with their associated practices, I will argue, that the social contexts of individualization and network sociality, alongside the scientific developments associated with pervasive communication and connected presence has led to an online media culture more than and more dominated by phatic communications. That is, communications which use up purely social (networking) and not informational or dialogic intents. I purpose with a handling of the potential nihilistic consequences of such a culture.Doris de Almeida Soares and Escola Naval (2008) in their resarch paper Understanding sieve blogs as a tool for language development it has been tell that Web 2.0 has allowed for the development of cyber spaces where any computer user can create their consume public pages to share spotledge, feelings and thoughts inviting linguistic interactions with people around the globe. This innovation has caught the economic aid of language practitioners who wish to experiment with blogging to enhance the teaching and learning experience. In 2007 I set up a class blog with my ball club pre-intermediate EFL students in a language school in Brazil. This experience gave rise to two central questions a) did my students see our blog as a learning tool? and b) what was blogging like in other language teaching contexts? To solving the first question I carried out some Exploratory make out for three months. As for the second question, I designed an online survey which was answered by 16 members of a community of practice called the Webheads. Ultimately I acquire that my students saw our blog as a learning tool and that blogs are being used in different ways around the world. This article presents the rationale behind development blogs in language classes, describes my research transit and discusses the understanding my students and I direct gained from exploring our own practices.R. Cachia, R. Compano and O. Da Costa (2005) in their research paper Students Actually Use the meshing for Education says that New research released by the National School Boards Association reveals data screening we all might need to reevaluate our assumptions It turns out kids are actually using the lucre for educational purposes. In fact, according to the study, Creating Connecting Research and Guidelines on Online Socialand EducationalNetworking, the percentage of children specifically discussing schoolwork online outpaces the percentage that put down clock time downloadi ng music.For the survey, the NSBA teamed up with Grunwald Associates to poll 1,277 9- to 17-year-olds, 1,039 parents, and 250 school district leaders who make decisions on net policy. It found that a full 50 percent of students who are online spend time discussing schoolwork, and 59 percent spend time talking about education-related topics, including college or college planning learning outside of school news careers or jobs politics, ideas, religion, or morals and schoolwork.Further, these students are spending almost as much(prenominal) time on the cyberspace visiting websites and social networking services (nine seconds per hebdomad for teens) as they spend watching television (10 hours).A full 96 percent of students surveyed responded that they use the Internet for social networking purposes, including Facebook, MySpace, Webkins, and Nick.com higgle. Seventy-one percent say they use these services at least on a hebdomadally basis.Yet, the study asserts, the vast majority of school districts have stringent rules against nigh all forms of social networking during the school dayeven though students and parents report few worry behaviors online. Indeed, both district leaders and parents believe that social networking could play a positive role in students lives and they recognize opportunities for using it in educationat a time when teachers now routinely assign homework that inquires Internet use to complete. In light of the study findings, school districts may want to consider reexamining their policies and practices and explore ways in which they could use social networking for educational purposes.Jeff Cain (2008) in Online Social Networking Issues Within Academia and Pharmacy Education it has been verbalise that Facebook is a tool that aids students in developing their identities and finding their fit within a college community. Helping students connect and stay in contact with old and new friends is touted as one of the significant benefits of Facebook. Making connections on campus which help them feel that they belong may be an important factor in student retention. These capabilities along with the many facets of communicating with their friends make social networking sites very appealing. Although extremely popular, especially among younger generations, social networking sites are not without their issues. Controversy surrounds the use of these sites, specifically in terms of privacy, safety, and attitudes toward revealing personal information to the world. Most of the press concerning these sites has been negative in focus. Newspapers and magazines related to higher education are replete with cases of college students who experienced negative repercussions from questionable activities that were made public online.9,15-26 The list of incidences are long and revolve around a myriad of issues related to photos, posts, and/or personal profiles.Social networking sites such as Facebook provide individuals with a way of mai ntaining and strengthening social ties, which can be beneficial in both social and academic settings. These same sites, however, also pose a danger to students privacy, safety, and professional reputations if proper precautions are not taken. Colleges and schools of pharmacy would be advised to consider how these issues might affect their students. At a minimum, schools should take appropriate steps to educate students about these matters. Research is needed on professional students usage and attitudes toward online social networking sites. Monitoring and usage of these sites by institutions venture into legal grey areas concerning the Fourth Amendment, the right to privacy, and duty of care, and should be approached with caution. Discussion is warranted on how, if at all, material found on student social networking sites should be used in colleges of pharmacy admissions decisions and/or matters of a disciplinary nature. Further research is needed on how best to address the issues s urrounding online social networking.Danah M. Boyd and N.B. Ellison (2007) in their research paper Social network sites Definition, history, and scholarship it has been state that Social network sites (SNSs) are increasingly attracting the tutelage of academic and industry detectives intrigued by their affordances and reach. This special theme section of the daybook of Computer-Mediated Communication brings together scholarship on these emergent phenomena. In this precedent article, the authors describe features of SNSs and propose a comprehensive definition. They then present one perspective on the history of such sites, discussing key changes and developments. After shortly summarizing existing scholarship concerning SNSs, they discuss the articles in this special section and conclude with considerations for future research.The work described above and include in this special theme section contributes to an on-going dialogue about the importance of social network sites, both f or practitioners and researchers. Vast, uncharted waters still remain to be explored. Methodologically, SNS researchers skill to make causal claims is limited by a lack of observational or longitudinal studies. Although the situation is rapidly changing, scholars still have a limited understanding of who is and who is not using these sites, why, and for what purposes, especially outside the U.S. such(prenominal) questions will require large-scale quantitative and qualitative research. Richer, ethnographic research on populations more difficult to access (including non-users) would further aid scholars superpower to understand the long-term implications of these tools. They hope that the work described here and included in this collection will help build a footing for future investigations of these and other important issues surrounding social network sites.M. Brendesha Tynes (2007), in Internet Safety Gone Wild? Sacrificing the Educational and Psychosocial Benefits of Online Soc ial Environments it has been say that Many Internet safety and parenting experts suggest that parents prohibit their teens from social networking sites and other online spaces where predators may lurk. notwithstanding we may do adolescents a disservice when we hold in their participation in these spaces, because the educational and psychosocial benefits of this type of communication can distant outweigh the potential dangers. These benefits include developing cognitive skills that are consonant with those required in educational settings and perspective-taking skills that are necessary for citizenship in an increasingly multiracial society. Alternative strategies for keeping adolescents safe online should build on the increasing technological awareness and sophistication of teens themselves.Danah Boyd (2007) in her research paper Why Youth Social Network Sites The Role of Networked Publics in Teenage Social Life has said that Although news media give the impression that all onl ine teens in the United States are on MySpace, this is not the case. For this reason, I want to take a moment to discuss who is not participating. In 2004, PEW found that 87 percent of teenagers aged twelve to seventeen have some level of Internet access.5 In a study conducted in late 2006, they found that 55 percent of online teens aged twelve to seventeen have created profiles on social network sites with 64 percent of teens aged cardinal to seventeen.6 While these numbers are most likely low,7 it is very absolve that not all high school students participate in online communities that require public content creation like social network sites. sex also appears to influence participation on social network sites. younger boys are more likely to participate than younger girls (46 percent vs. 44 percent) but older girls are far more likely to participate than older boys (70 percent vs. 57 percent). Older boys are twice as likely to use the sites to flirt and slightly more likely to use the sites to meet new people than girls of their age. Older girls are far more likely to use these sites to communicate with friends they see in person than younger people or boys of their age.10 While gender differences do exist and should not be ignored, most of what I discuss in this article concerns practices that are common to both boys and girls.The research paper Exploring the Educational Potential of Social Networking Sites The Fine Line between Exploiting Opportunities and Unwelcome Imposition by Henk Huijser (2007) University of grey Queensland explores potential educational applications of Web 2.0 technologies, and cuts through some of the hype generated around these technologies, as well as around characteristics of Generation Y, and their implications for learning and teaching. Web 2.0 technologies both reflect and drive a blurring of the lines between students and university educators, which has a potentially profound impact on learning and teaching in higher educ ation. This paper argues that Web 2.0 technologies, and Social Network Sites in particular, offer fire opportunities but that educational applications of these technologies should be based on sound pedagogical principles and driven by empirical research and careful evaluation, if they are to effect meaningful learning experiences for all students.In the research paper Social networking sites within Higher Education threat or opportunity? by Neville Palmer, Jomo Batola, Margaret Jones and Sheila Baron (2007) it has been said that a Southampton Solent University, students predominantly use Facebook to advertise social and sporting events, make new friends, or jaw among existing friends. on that point are currently over 6,200 members of the official Southampton Solent network, which represents around 40% of all students at the University, though there may be more in other groups. Currently there seem to be at least 150 different groups representing areas of interest under the umbr ella of the University, ranging from the bizarre to sports clubs, social activities and academic related interests. Most of these groups have a small membership. in that respect are also alumni groups, and some specific course related groups. These seem to have been formed, not by staff, but by students. For example there is a group for journalism students and another for business studies. There is a mixture of social chitchat, but also course related self help discussion. The journalism students are also giving each other leads on where they can get work experience.Forums are a form of Social Software that can be a utile tool in education. Forums are also related to Blogs, though a blog is centered on an individual, whereas a forum is centered more on an area of interest (Holzsclag 2005). There are many blogs on the Internet posted by individuals to discuss subjects ranging from their personal lives to World events. However some students are using blogs to post and discuss their work and ideas so that others can comment and advice on it (Polly 2007). A forum can be helpful when a particular topic or area of interest requires discussion on the Web. This concept is being used at Southampton Solent University.In the research paper Youth Impact I has been said that A gang of the words iPod and broadcast, podcasts are digital media files distributed over the Internet and take heeded to on a portable media player. A related term is vodcast, which describes podcasts that incorporate video. Podcasts were originally conceived as a way for people to create their own radio shows without needing a arranging studio or transmission network. They evolved into a means of recording and distributing speeches, classes and training sessions, and public safety messages. They are especially popular in K-12 schools and colleges Teachers and professors use them to record lessons, debates, and guest speakers for absent students or later use, and students use them to record the ir presentations, projects, and experimentsPodcasters and vodcasters record their audio and video sessions, edit them, and upload them to a feed. Listeners and viewers use a podcatcher service such as iTunes to search for and subscribe to one or more feeds. When a new podcast or vodcast is released on the feed, the audio or video file will download automatically to the subscribers iPod, computer, or other device so that they can listen to or view it at their leisure.The review of literature gave a readable idea on the use of social networking websites and the aim of the study was theorise to find the Impact of Social Networking Websites on the education of Youth and the bearing is to find the trends in the Internet use by youth and to study the impact of social networking websites on the education of youth.METHODOLOGYFor conducting the research, the researcher has elect the following two systemologies Survey and In-depth Interview. The researcher adopted the Stratified ergodic Sampling technique. Stratified random sampling is done when the universe is manifold i.e. if the people are of different kinds. So the universe is sub- divide into many self-coloured groups or strata. And the random sampling is done in each story and the sample size from each stratum is taken proportionally. The total number of samples taken were 500 i.e., 125 in each stratum. The researcher has sub- divided the universe as following strata family 1- +1 +2 studentsStratum 2- Engineering studentsStratum 3- medical studentsStratum 4- Arts Science and othersAlso, the researcher has interviewed experts from the field to know their perspectives of the impact of the Internet on education and to know the impact of social networking sites and how far it complements the students education.ANALYSISSurvey Statistical abstractSurvey has been done among five hundred respondents, one hundred and twenty five students from each stratum. Among the five hundred respondents 295 were male and 20 5 were female. 100 students accessing Internet for more than five days, 140 students for 3-5 long time, highest of all- 205 students for 1-3 years and the lowest of all- 55 students for less than a year.210 students access Internet several(prenominal)(prenominal) quantify in a week, 125- once in a week, 70- once in a day, 45- several propagation in a day and 50- seldom. When asked about the number of years the students are using social networking sites (SNS), majority of the students from all stratum have selected the option 1-3 years. Majority of the students sit in the social networking sites several times in a week. Next highest is the option once in a week. The lowest is several times a day.Maximum number of respondents uses social networking sites more than one hour and exactly exclusively 185 students sit for less than hour. Maximum respondents said the SNS is rarely profitable for their education and 140 students said it is useful only during the exams. 65 said it is us eful for the education at all times and 85 said it is never useful for the education.310 students said SNS is time down, 195 said they use SNS for education and 135 said they chat regarding academics in SNS. 190 students have not agreed that social networking is time consuming. But out of 190 students, 150 of them sit in SNS more than hour. 75 of them sit for 2-4 hours and 5 sit for more than four once they access the social networking sites.260 students said their academic performance didnt change because of using SNS and only 15 students said that it has decreased. Others said it has amendd.455 students have an account in Orkut and some of them have account in Facebook, Hi-5 etc. But close to Orkut many are familiar with the Youtube website and the next is Facebook. SNS is highly used by the students as a messenger, then it is used for sharing photos and videos and then it is used to find new friends.Only 140 students have joined in the communities regarding academics, out of w hich 110 had said that those communities were helpful for the education. And only 40 students have said that the social networking sites distract them from the studies.Thus, from the percentage analysis of the survey data, it is found that 41% of the students are accessing Internet for 1-3 years and 28% for 3-5 years. 42% access Internet several times in a week and 25% once in a week. Apart from social networking many students use the Internet for sending e-mails and chatting. Apart from social networking 51% of the respondents use Internet for downloading music/videos, 76% for sending e-mails/chatting and 60% for educational purposes. Maximum percentage of the students accessing social networking sites for 1-3 years.Figure 1.1 No. of years students accessing SNS33% of the students access SNS several times in a week, 28% once in a week, 18% rarely, 14% once in a day and 7% several times in a day. to a greater extent percentage of the students sits in SNS more than an hour when acces sed.Figure 1.2 Time spent in SNS13% said that SNS is useful in education at all times, 28% said it is useful only during exams, 42% said it is rarely useful and 17% said it is never used for education.Figure 1.3 SNS in education62% had accepted that SNSs are time consuming, 39% agreed that they use SNS for education, 27% chat regarding academic subjects in SNS.Figure 1.4 SNS is time consuming52% of the students said that their academic performance didnt change because of using SNS and only 3% said that it has decreased. 39% said it has better and 9% said it has improved a bent.Figure 1.5 Academic performanceInterview with Prof. V. SundareswaranDr. V. Sundareswaran, the prof Head, Department of Media Sciences, Anna University Chennai has thirty one years of experience in the teaching field. When asked about the difference between knowledge level of students ten years back and the students at present he said that retrieval or gathering of information was very difficult in those day s. It took a lot of time to reach the source materials which are in libraries. But present students gather lot of information very quickly and easily using Internet. And said because of the Internet the students at present are more sexual than the students in the past. And also added at times students know more than the teachers also.He said no one knows about how students are using the Internet. When a student is at home, teachers doesnt know how and for what he/she is using the Internet and when the students are at the institution, parents doesnt know what he/she is doing.When asked about students- teachers interaction via Internet he said that it is a good and easy way for a student to reach the teacher and crystallize some doubts or get some guidance at any time. But nothing is equivalent to the received class room. He always prefers the traditional classroom teaching method and specifically chalk and board teaching. He doesnt prefer to use the everywhere Head Projectors and Powerpoint slides also.When asked whether he thinks the information is better conveyed through the interactions with the teachers by the students in the Internet, he said he dont know as he doesnt use Internet much. He rarely uses Internet only to guide his research students.When asked about websites like Orkut and Facebook, he said he dont know about those sites and remembered me his point that at times students know more than their teachers.Interview with Mr. Kiruba ShankarMr. Kiruba Shankar, chief operating officer of f5ive technologies, a web based company is also a social media enthusiast.When asked about his opinion about the social networking sites like Orkut and Facebook they are wondrous tools to expand ones contact beyond the first circle of friends. Its a tremendous way to keep ones friends updated about whats happening in his/her life. That said, Social Networking sites are like a two edged knife. While they can be extremely useful, they can also be misused and become a time sink.He doesnt think social networking sites help improve students education. But what they do well is improve connections which can be quite useful in the real life. In corporate life, connections and contacts are everything. He believes that SN sites in colleges helps prepare for the real world.He said most students are using SN sites for the following1) To maintain friendship connection with existing friends2) Reaching out to friends of friends who they would like to be in touch with3) To improve the brand image of the person in the community4) Reach out to the opposite sex.He says that these websites definitely distracting the students from their studies. These SN sites are a super time sink and before we know it, they would have sucked away a lot of our time. It can easily become an addiction.He also said that in future, academic institutions will embrace the concept of SN and plunk it to be an integral part of the education system. Thats the right way of doing it. El ements like blogging, podcasting and wikis are already being actively used in documenting the lessons.FINDINGS ratiocinationThe study reveals that 41% of the students are accessing Internet for 1-3 years and 28% for 3-5 years. 42% access Internet several times in a week and 25% once in a week. Apart from social networking many students use the Internet for sending e-mails and chatting. Apart from social networking 51% of the respondents use Internet for downloading music/videos, 76% for sending e-mails/chatting and 60% for educational purposes. More percentage of the students accessing social networking sites for 1-3 years.33% of the students access SNS several times in a week, 28% once in a week, 18% rarely, 14% once in a day and 7% several times in a day. More percentage of the students sits in SNS more than an hour when accessed. 13% said that SNS is useful in education at all times, 28% said it is useful only during exams, 42% said it is rarely useful and 17% said it is never used for education. 62% had accepted that SNSs are time consuming, 39% agreed that they use SNS for education, 27% chat regarding academic subjects in SNS. 52% of the students said that their academic performance didnt change because of using SNS and only 3% said that it has decreased. 39% said it has improved and 9% said it has improved a lot.Though students dont accept that SNS distracts them from their studies, it is clear that SNS is time consuming which

Impact of Colonization on Aboriginals | Alcoholism

Impact of Colonization on olds AlcoholismIntroductionThe indigen tribes of Canada include the Inuit, The Metis and the First Nations. The term First Nations is wide of the markly utilizationd to break Canadian Aborigines who fall in neither of the above two groups. The Inuit comprises of endemic citizenry leaving in the colder regions of Canada, the Arctic, Russia, and Alaska in United States. The Metis deal atomic number 18 the direct descendants of the mixed First Nations.The characteristics of their civilization include unbending traditional net executes and values, broad(prenominal)ly certain societal hierarchies, agricultural practice and lasting settlements.Aborigines and intoxicant white plagueBefore their colonization by the Europeans, the primaeval people took alcoholic drinks extend to from various plants with relatively low alcoholic content. These included alcoholic drinks make from the purple orchid tree and h nonp beily, pandas plant which would be so aked and pounded to make alcohol, mien cider gum, fermented h angiotensin converting enzymey, and the coconut. After the Europeans invasion, alcohol utilisation patterns among the Aboriginals changed forcefulally.The Europeans brought trade. The Aborigines traded with hide for other essential commodities brought by the Europeans. As this trade developed, the Europeans started to use alcoholic drinks as a bargaining tool to soften the fur traders on their prices. Alcohol was use as an inducement to participate, as a medium of exchange, and as a standard of competitive access. (Smillie, Dec 16, 2009) The boozing patterns of the Aborigines commonly took the track of binging, spending whole days drinking. Women were alike complex in excessive drinking and intoxication and this largely resulted in increase acts of violence and the regular(a)tual neglect of the childrens welf atomic number 18. The women would engage in prostitution, which in turn affected childrearing and accelerat ed the birth rate of mixed hasten children who usually were aban dod by their European fathers.It is however instructive to timber that alcohol consumption was later(prenominal) abolished, and the Aborigines largely abstained from it. This compliance to the abolition was, to a large extent a result of the lessons learned from the friendly problems it had created. Further to a outstandinger extent than, even nigh of the trading partners requested that alcohol should not be do available to the band members.Impacts of alcohol consumption among the AboriginalsThe hobby socio-economic impacts were normally associated with the Aboriginal people who consumed alcohol excessivelyLet us take a look into Australias case, which bears great similarity to that in Canada, (this quotation was selected referable of its readily available data and its similarities with Canadas case)Violence According to a mod study that finds alcohol as the biggest risk factor (Sharp, April 9, 2010), aut ochthonal people argon up to 20 propagation more believably than the rest of the population to commit baseless crime. According to a criminologist, al near of the arrests made of endemical people were due to minor somatogenetic assault, more than sexual abuse, and that these offenders were much more likely to repeat their actions on non- innate people. It was withal raise out that a violent act against an indigenous some ashes was most likely to be perpetrated by a fellow indigenous person, most likely f a family member. From the police data used, it was put in that the apprehension figures for indigenous people were 20 times taller than those for the non-indigenous.These violent acts were found to have direct link to excessive consumption of alcohol. This reinforces an indigenous lawyer Noel Pearsons view that alcohol consumption should have been tackled out serious, through the formation of protective factors such as family links, coping skills and cultural resilience, kind of than seen as a con ecological succession of their past oppression by the colonialists (Sharp, April 9, 2010). death rate The indigenous people of Australia on average die earlier than their non-indigenous counterparts. This is part attributable to excessive consumption of alcohol. It is estimated that 7% of these deaths, ar as a direct result of alcoholism. The Steering Committee for the Review of Goernment help Provision similarly estimated that alcohol related deaths among these peoples were 5 20 times more than among their non-indigenous counterparts in WA, NT and SA.Self-inflicted injuries such as suicides atomic number 18 also high among these people, and alcohol has also been deemed to contribute a considerable percentage of these with 40% and 30% of the male and female population respectively falling victim. in the midst of 2000 2004, the figures for the males and females who died from alcohol related suicides were 159 and 27 respectively, compared to the non -indigenous Australians whose figures were 123 and 27 respectively. This is a major source of concern wedded that the indigenous people comprise of only 3% of the entire Australian population (Wilson, 2010).Social breakdown excessive consumption of alcohol has also been blamed for most loving and emotional breakdowns. For example, Tyson and colleagues found that of the 4% of females and 9% of males with an alcohol use disorder in the customary Australian population, 48% and 34% respectively, also met the criteria for anxiety, affective or do drugs use disorder. While there appears not to be any directly comparable studies for Indigenous Australians, it is likely that comorbid conditions occur more frequently among this population.To date, most of these indigenous people, both male and female, have been hospitalized for mental disorders associated with alcohol use, whose figures are 3-4 times higher than those of the non-indigenous population (Wilson, 2010).Other impacts of alcoho l among the Aboriginals include thieving and crime, accidents and deaths, unemployment, residential area breakdown and fetal alcohol syndrome, all of which are high among these people compared to the rest of the non-indigenous population.Other problems that affected the AboriginalsThe Indian take on of CanadaIndian exploit of Canada, law designed to integrate Indians in Canada into the primary(prenominal)stream economy and agriculture (Indian Act of Canada, n.d). This act was introduced in 1876, which allowed the Canadian brass to have fall control over the lifestyle of all Indians and their mode of interactions with the non-Indians. It was also given the power to look after the basiss, education and wellness of these people. In 1951, the judicature agreed to abolish the existing Act and introduce a sassy one, after revelations of the suffering caused to the Indians came to the limelight occasioning a normal uproar. However, despite the drastic measures taken, not all po wer was removed from the hands of the giving medication, thus resulting in impacts different from what was anticipated. This further led to isolation of the Indians from the rest population.How the Act was passed the foundation of Canada as a confederate adduce took place in 1867. It was done under a constitutional Act that gave it massive power over the lives of the Aboriginal people, including their property and lands. This was followed by the formation of legion(predicate) Aboriginal-related laws in the by-line years. By 1876, these laws were so legion(predicate), that for ease of interpretation and implementation, the government decided to unite all of them to a single Act, known as the Indian Act. This Act gave definition on who was and was not Indian, basing lifestyle as its selection criteria. thusly it was the governments prerogative to decide on who was and was not an Aboriginal Indian.The act state the rights and protections the Indians were subject to, which incl uded fishing, hunting, education and healthcare which were state funded. The Indians were also protected from land grabbing by the white settlers and the non-Indians, but were denied the opportunity to govern themselves and to acquire Canadian citizenship. Thus, they could not participate in cosmos functions such as voting in federal elections, business and commerce, land ownership, consumption of alcohol, and freedom of movement from their reserves without government permission.Despite its discernible segregation, the Act aimed at assimilating the Indians into the European lifestyle, giving guidelines which if any Indian could meet, he or she would be rewarded with Canadian citizenship.The reformation of the Act The Act was later reformed in 1956 after World War II, which had prove that the Indian men were equally good soldiers in the battle field, an characteristic of their unwavering service to the Canadian Army. Further, the release of a federal proclaim that exposed the e xtreme poverty aims of the Indian community caused a public uproar that led the government to revise the Act in 1951. The level of power and control of the federal agents was reduced, and the Indian people were given some level of self-governance. They were also allowed to consume alcohol, move out of their reserves without government permission and participate in any business activity. Further amendment see the Indians allowed to vote by 1962. By 1985, they were not forced to reveal their personal identity in any circumstance, and by 1990 the Indians had gained more ground on self-governance.residential schoolsIn the early 1980s, the Canadian Federal government tried gravid to convince the Aboriginals that they needed schools in order to fabricate important and cultivable individuals in the society. This was as a result of the governments fertile rooted belief that it was its responsibility to take care of the Aboriginals and educate them. The government believed that the on ly chance at success lay in the aborigines erudition side and consequently adopting the European right smart of life. They had to learn the Canadian customs as well as convert to Christianity. This adopted lifestyle would be passed down to their children and grandchildren, and the primitive native traditions would disappear in a some generations. Thus the Canadian Federal government developed an attitude of trespass towards its assimilation policy by ensuring it was preached in churches and taught in the government schools, which were later transformed into residential schools. The boarding school programs were initiated because it was felt that it would be swooning to convert and shape children than adults under similar circumstances, in preparation for them to combine the mainstream societal lifestyle. These schools residential schools, were government funded and placed under the care of the subdivision of Indian affairs which oversaw the running of its daily activities including the learning exercises for its Aboriginal students. attention to these schools was made mandatory and thus the government employed agents to enforce these orders.Initially, most 1,100 students attended 69 schools across the country. In 1931, at the peak of the residential school schema, there were roughly 80 schools operating in Canada (Residential Schools A History of Residential Schools in Canada, May 16, 2008). At the time of remnant of these schools in 1996, there were about a total of 130 schools in each province and a total of about 150,000 children of Aboriginal blood who had been forcefully removed from their communities to attend these schools.The major problem in these schools was that, right from their conception, the Aboriginal culture was considered inferior, and that with it, they would totally be unable to modernize and consequently adapt to the developed society. Therefore, there was a strong believe that children would yoke this gap should they sh un that primitive lifestyle and get exposure to developed society. That they would learn and accustom themselves to these crude changes, by conversion to Christianity and speaking of English or French. These students were thus discouraged from using their first language as a medium of communication, or practicing any traditions.The living conditions in these schools were deficient and students were subjected to constant bullying and sexual harassment. Children would stay away from their parents for more than 10 months, and correspondence from the children was done in English which their parents didnt understand. When children finally would go billet, they found it difficult to fit in and therefore became ashamed of their native heritage. Further, the education and training received was minimal meaning that they could not operate in an urban setting. Thus, the objectives of these programs meant devastation to these children.This resulted in opposition, demonstrations and formati on of commission of inquiries that investigated the matter. This later culminated to government agreeing to abolish the system and compensate its victims in 2007, where $1.9 billion was initially set aside as compensation package.Community based interpellationA case scenario is presented here below, that shows how a combination of the above stated problems resulted to an increase in alcohol consumption, which thus led to moral abjection of a community, and how the problem was eventually solved.Lets consider a case study of the floor lake community story.According to the elders, there was no alcohol drinking onward 1940 on the reserve. But just before World War II, a general store and trading locate was set up at Alkali Lake by a European immigrant to the area. The people brought their furs to the store and received cash or merchandise, such as food staples, in exchange (The Alkali Lake Community Story, n.d). The traders then introduced alcohol to soften them during negotiations . Once it entered the community, there was gradually shift in the health of the people, as many fell sick. Other pressures started mounting also as a result of the residential school system that saw many children sent away from their cornerstones.These children would grow far away from their parents and family lifestyle, forced to stop their first language for English or French. They were also taught that they cultures were primitive compared to those of the Europeans, and therefore they had no quality but to leave them. Their conversion to Christianity was also made mandatory against their spiritual believes. These led to the Alkali people believing that unless they are converted into white race, they were of no good to the society. These beliefs were demonstrated in each facet of life, even to their subconscious level.Another major blow of these residential schools was the introduction of massive bullying that often accompanied both physical and emotional torture, and the wide spread sexual abuse of the students.When these students later returned home after months of schooling to start their own lives, they could not fit in because they had not been taught their traditional family values and virtues, and because they themselves had not been parented, they found it hard to prod the concept of parenting and family life in general. Hence these people were more open to over consumption of alcohol which they did without control, do them violent and committed to more crimes. In 1965-1985, life in this society was unbearable. It was the height of all detrimental impacts of life pressures conjugate with overconsumption of alcohol. As one prominent community member put, We had become what others called us the Indians of Alcohol Lake. Most of the people were so immersed in this reality that they were unable to see any other possibility for themselves. As another young man put it, I thought that was how Indians lived (The Alkali Lake Community Story, n.d).Econ omically, all the money received from the government as social assistance, was wasted on alcohol, and hence stores selling alcohol made fearful profits from this region. Illegal selling of alcohol was also wide spread. It was amicable to underage children so long as they had money.Despite their social degradation, these people were willing to stop alcohol consumption and begin a modern life of prosperity. This, however did not happen until in 1972 when a new forefront by the name of Andy Chelsea was elected. A story is told of Andys daughter, ivy Chelsea who refused to live with her mother until she quit drinking. Her mother, on hearing that, promised to quit. She went back home and poured all liquor on the floor. Four days later, the father also quit, thus becoming the first two non-alcoholic drinkers in the Alkali community. The following seven years, other people also quit and joined Andy and his wife Phyllis, in an effort to bring some sanity within the community. The commu nity desire to quit its consumption saw Andy elected as the chief of the Alkali community in 1972.Solution to alcohol problem As a chief, Andy took various steps including banning the sale of alcohol in the community. He then thus refused entry of the Dog Creek distributor point who was the main distributor of alcohol in the community, bringing it three times a week.He ensured that the sale of alcohol to minors was stopped. He called the RCMP who used marked bills to track these sellers, and ensured that they were arrested and their businesses put out. He also oversaw their severe punishment, which acted as a warning to others who thought of venturing into similar business.A voucher system was introduced that saw people with drinking disorder not allowed carrying cash but, their money converted to vouchers that were exchanged for food and other basic needs in the stores.Those who were caught committing crimes, both violent and non-violent under the influence of alcohol were given c hoice to book treatment or face a jail term. Since many people feared imprisonment, they chose treatment.Andy also sort help from the church to help eliminate alcohol consumption by approaching a priest of the Catholic Church. As it turned out, the priest was also an alcohol addict, and was actively fanning opposition against the chief. In light of those revelations, he was expelled from the community.At first, these measures were met with extreme opposition coupled with great anger and hostility from many community members. But by 1975, 40% of the communitys population had been set free from alcohol consumption and by 1979, 98% of the Alkali people were clean and sober. mop upThe combinations of excessive consumption alcohol and the unfair Acts, instituted by the government, contributed greatly to the social ills that afflicted the Aboriginal communities. But through strict discipline, as indicated in the case study, it was possible to overcome the alcohol consumption problem, and through order of the Acts by the parliament, the Aboriginal livelihoods have since improved.1Merce Cunningham Symbolism in jumpMerce Cunningham Symbolism in DanceMerce Cunningham is one of the pioneers in the field of trip the light fantastic and stage jump. He had been a mentor to most of the choreographers who have now become major names in modern times. In addition, there are certain body movements and symbolism in his dancing techniques that make him a distinctive pioneer in stage dancing also, there are numerous choreographic piece of medical specialtys by Merce Cunningham that are still being imitated by many choreographers of our present time. Most importantly, I have canvas the dancing techniques, medicinal drug, costumes, and movements in certain dancing pieces by Merce Cunningham. The choreographic pieces that I have analyzed for this purpose are Changing Steps, Deli Commedia, and Beach Birds for tv camera.The stage dancing piece Changing Steps profoundly reflec ts the true geometrical dancing mood of Merce Cunningham. As per my analysis, Merce Cunningham had made use of steps and body movements in the form of dance to reflect movement. I observed that Merce Cunningham has been palmy in highlighting that subtle and weightless footwork has been used to form the dancers movement. Moreover, when the dancers change their body gestures quickly, that unexpended an impression of light weighted foot stepping. Additionally, I have also observed that in order to create extensions to the movements of the body, special focus has been made on certain movements, such as the physical tinge among the dancers during the successiveness (Merce Cunnigham Dance Company).In my view, the highlight of the dance date is that it is another successful collaboration of music and choreography by John confine and Merce Cunningham respectively. The work done by the cooperation of both invites the spectators to experience something that has never been focused on before which is the way the collaboration had presented joy and freedom through the consideration of the dancing steps of the dancers. I believe that the collaboration of John chicken coop and Cunningham is the success factor as the dancing language of Cunningham is independent, but someway John Cages music is irreplaceable. I also think that John Cages music in the dancing piece works as a catalyst. In addition, I would also like to mention that the wider acclaim to the dance ecological succession Changing Steps is increased because of the three-d gesture stepping. Three-dimensional gesture stepping means that three dancers collaborate and make body movements that together make up a three-dimensional posture (Copeland).Furthermore, the costumes used in the choreography sequence have been designed by Mark Lancaster. The excuses of the costumes are single toned and darker colors. The costumes in the three-dimensional stepping had been used in a way that two of the dancers wear the same colored costume go the third dancer wears another color (Merce Cunnigham Dance Company).My experience with the dance sequence Changing Steps has been full of delight. The dance sequence greatly reflects an entirely new idea and form of dance. The usage of the title abruptly suits the dancing sequence, and as viewed in the sequence, changing in steps has been kind of swift, thus, the title also elaborates the same idea. Also, the flow of stepping in the dance sequence of Changing Steps is so powerful that the spectator would feel that he or she is actually dancing with the dancers. I observed that in the number one of the dance sequence the choreography has been done in a way that makes a rectangular box and further forms a curved construction of stepping and to me, the setting appeared to be something that I did not expect in a dance. In addition, I think that the union of dancers after every three-dimensional stepping of feet appeared to be amazingly active and fresh .Moving on to another great piece by Merce Cunningham entitled Deli Commedia. Deli Commedia is another accurately choreographed piece that represents the legacy of his contributions to the dance. He contributed in the field of dance by introducing the concept of geometry in his dance sequences. For instance, I have observed the concepts of geometry when one dancer stood perpendicularly while other dancers made curves through perimeter their bodies into an arch-like structure. Moreover, the costumes which have been used in the dance sequence were rather coloured, which hardly matched the theme of the stage. The usage of colors such as blue, yellow, green, magenta and so on is catchy which creates a distinction every time a new fragmentation is made while dancing. Deli Commedia reflects the collaboration of the musician, John Cage as the music played during the sequence holds beats in a synthesized manner (Ib50ib50 Channel). Deli Commedia managed to impress me as the dance sequence was modify with fragmentation and quick body movements, and I also liked the colorful costumes of the dancers which made use of the stage distinctively.Last but not least, the choreography sequence of Beach Birds for photographic camera illustrates the movement of coastal areas. The inspiration that I got from such a dance piece is freedom because the stepping of the feet and hand gestures are more bird-like movements. Birds usually symbolize freedom and the basic intrigue that one would get by applying the dancing gestures as in Beach Birds for Camera explains the east dance themes. I also noticed that the theme of easterly dance is evident from Cunninghams dance sequence because Eastern dancers perform in a way that is apparently similar to that of dancers of Beach Birds. Most of the Eastern dances are specially choreographed in outdoor locations reflecting nature (Copeland). The idea of stepping that illustrates the scenario of strand birds gives a joyful awakening in the f ield of the dance. Beach Birds for Camera is another victorious teamwork between Merce Cunningham and John Cage. According to my perspective, the music and choreography had complimented the theme of the ocean as the dancers use fragments imitating the effect of water, also the music of the dance sequence sounds like rain drops, or drops of water (Ib50ib50 Channel).If I compare Beach Birds for Camera and other dance sequences by Merce Cunningham, I have observed here that the fragmentation is used lesser in this sequence, and the layering of the body gestures is most prominent, which is something that I have liked, and what I mean about the layering of the body gestures is in terms of the postures the dancers take where they come in contact with other dancers through leg touch, or back touch. Also, the change in directions is more obvious than in any other dance sequence making the spectators navigate towards the dancing steps more (Merce Cunningham Dance).Moreover, the costumes desi gned by Marsha Skinner are according to the theme of the dance sequence. The costumes are especially made black and white in order to reflect the color of coastal birds also, the use of black and white enhances the body gestures used in the fragmentation manner (Daly). I believe that costumes greatly suited the main theme of the dance sequence.Through my analysis of the three dance sequences by the collaboration of Merce Cunningham, the choreographer, and John Cage, the musician, it comes to my understanding that the field of dance had been made wide because of the legendary collaboration. In addition, being a spectator of such dance sequences helped me observe the development that has taken place in terms of the dance. I would also say that the development which had taken place in dancing by the advent of geometrical dance sequences by Merce Cunningham in 1956 also, making Merce Cunningham a legendary figure in making use of fragmentation, body gestures in a layering manner, and fo ot stepping. Overall, my experience of watching dance sequence by Merce Cunningham was joyful and thoroughly entertaining.

Top Down And Bottom Up Management Styles

Top Down And tin screw Up Management StylesThe top-down model is a focusing dodge where scientific investigation draws the process of identifying and numberating specific argonas (Kelsey et al., 1995 in MPA connections, 2004). This model is an burn up to schemening that usually involves a centralized disposal imposing regulations or laws on imaging functionrs (MPA connections, 2004). This model brush off be real polemic and give rise to opposition as it fails to adequately take into love and represent the link ups of stakeholders in the MPA designation process which shtup result in a union with little recogniseing of, or support for an MPA identify proposal or its precaution plan (Brody, 1998). This top-down watchfulness outline tends to produce newsprint- put in which innate alternatives continue to be degraded collectable to in efficacious enforcement measures and little compliance with rules and regulations (Brody, 1998). This seems to be evident with re gards to Buccoo Reef, where decisions intimately the BRMP ar largely made by g all overnment officials or centering administration without considering the contributions of m some(prenominal) stakeholders. The topical anesthetic residential district especially those indigenous to the Buccoo Village section, feels disrespected by the pre frontierit of communication, and feels that their opinions should be taken into consideration. This lack of communication and support of companionship involvement, had direct to a club that is fair disenfranchised, rebellious and uninterested in contributing to nurseion of the resourcefulness.The bottom-up steering strategy employs the emphasis on acknowledging topical anesthetic values and perspectives as well as adapting designations to prior example patterns (Fiske 1992 in MPA connections, 2004). This model is a planning approach that usually combines scientific knowledge with traditionalistic knowledge of the users in order to un derstand and meet how they rely on the resource (Graham et al., 1992). Protected battlegrounds, either terrestrial or leatherneck, are different in their specifications and goals, but share a decisive common ingredient the role of the public (Springer, 2006). It has thus been realized that biodiversity communion initiatives can non be thought in isolation of sociable issues (Mishra et al., 2009) and biodiversity conservation schemes that do not take topical anaesthetic anesthetic people into account not solitary(prenominal) raise ethical issues, but unjustifiedly run the risk of world self-defeating (Few, 2000) since ignoring the role of local anesthetic anaesthetic anesthetic anaesthetic communities will only when exacerbate the problems associated with natural resources (Camarago at al., 2009). It is of the essence(predicate) to note stock-still, that kindly clays are made of convoluted comp matchlessnts, some of which are inevitably oppositional (Springer, 2006 ). Nevertheless, these variable roles played by diverse groups of people can contribute to the conquest of the designated protect theatre, or in some slips, fracture the entire scenario (Springer, 2006).Over the prehistoric two decades, it has travel widely hold up it offd that the management of defend areas should include the cooperation and support of local communities (Wells Brandon, 1992). in that respect has been a growing realization that the conventional Gun and prevail method of conservation is no oft(prenominal) effective in dealing with the socio-ecological entangledity and political dimensions of biodiversity conservation (Mishra at al., 2009). Dealing with much(prenominal) a multidimensional issue, requires integrated approaches that recognize the interconnectedness of well-dis seatd and ecological systems and effort to link science, policy and societal goals finished interdisciplinary methods of problem resolve and multi-stakeholder involvement (Mi shra et al., 2009). Failure to adopt an interdisciplinary approach to saved area management and manage protected areas as human ecosystems can compromise the biophysical values for which guard was sought (Stevens, 1986 in Lane, 2001). This realization has encouraged the developing of fraternity- base conservation (Mehta Kellert, 1998 cited in Bajracharya et al., 2005), which emphasizes the role of communities in decision devising (Adams Hulme, 2001). familiarity InvolvementCommunity-based conservation approaches to decision-making in the management of protected areas are progressively cosmos implemented (Bajracharya et al., 2005) and m some(prenominal) projects gift now been initiated in versatile countries, some notably in Africa, where implementation of much(prenominal) federation-based conservation practices imbibe contributed to decreases in poaching and im prove conservation (Wainwright Wehrmeyer, 1998 cited in Bajracharya et al., 2005). Designation of protected areas can sometimes result in a variety of banish consequences for rural or local communities by means of restriction of entrance to traditionally used resources, disruption of local cultures and economies by tourists, resulting in tender and cultural disruption and possibly enforced poverty (Mishra 1982 in Bajracharya et al., 2006). These issues defy heightened concerns and have led to the growing recognition that for protected areas to be effective, local people need to be closely involved in their management (Wells Brandon, 1992). Several research papers have emphasized that failure to recognize the family surrounded by character and people can precipitate local social disruption among other disconfirming alludes (Lane, 2001). The approach of community-based protected area management starts to influence the thinking and attitudes with the hope that this will eventually lead to modifications in behavior, although in some communities, such changes do not unceasingly occ ur (Infield Namara, 2001 in Bajracharya et al, 2005).Achieving community-based conservation is very complex. It is very difficult to train a single value or goal onto an entire community of varying stakeholders as that can be restrictive and ultimately ineffective because it does not represent the community as a whole (Springer, 2006). The uttermost of variation depends on many factors, such as, the size and character of the community in interrogation, the social cohesion of that limited community and the underlying motivation in making unified decisions (Mascia 2004 cited in Springer, 2006). There is no single, important framework that can direct diverse communities toward full agreement of any particular issue, thus encouraging communities to come to a decision that represents a broad spectrum of motivations will facilitate the formation and contractance of pick and perhaps even to a greater extent creative solutions (Chrislip, 1994 in Springer, 2006). It is extremely ne cessary to understand the social dynamics of protected areas as it can have important implications for the implementation of management decisions.The central idea of community-based management or co-management as it is sometimes interchangeably referred, is the idea that if cat valium managers can establish a cooperative relationship with local residents and park users, in which the responsibility is shared, then(prenominal) the task of the professional manager and the nature and splendor of local management problems can be momentously changed (Lane, 2001). Establishing a cooperative relationship nevertheless depends on how the issue is addressed to stakeholders. Management must acquire how go well-nigh it can interact with the local community to happen upon reciprocally congenial goals (Springer, 2006). As suggested by Springer (2006), the best flair to guarantee the operation of these goals is through familiarity of the complex social connections within the community of interest (Springer, 2006). In order to gain an misgiving of the intricate social dimensions of any community, it requires a close analysis of that particular community which will call for significant consultation and collaborationism with various community members (Chrislip 1994, cited in Springer, 2006). This collaboration between conservation planners and stakeholders is crucial to integrating protected areas into the local socioeconomic framework of the community, thus overcoming local opposition and behaviors that would otherwise undermine conservation goals sequence developing effective partnerships between local stakeholders and conservation planners (Lane, 2001). These co-management or community-based arrangements have the latent to provide economic benefits for local peoples (Smyth, 1992 cited in Lane 2001), however the extent of the economic benefit is determined by the nature of the relationship between the community and managers and the willingness of the managers to consider local economic issues (Lane, 2001).To hit effective collaboration, approaches are required that effectively engage the local community in management and decision making, and that enable their livelihood needs to be adequately met (Bajracharya et al., 2006). This concept of linking conservation with community culture has resulted in a major(ip)(ip) shift in conservation management, based on the assumption that if local communities derive some benefits from conservation, they will in turn be more than likely to contribute to the conservation of biodiversity (Wells Brandon, 1992). This linkage of conservation ideals with the societal estate of protected areas addresses biological, cultural, economic and political concerns firearm empowering communities through effective collaboration and integration in conservation efforts (Granek and chocolate-brown, 2005).Before gaining local stakeholder and institutional connection, it is arbitrary that stakeholder fosterage be a prerequi situate to the planning and companionship process. educational programs should be implemented that acknowledge stakeholder concerns and educate stakeholders about the benefits and limitations of implementing a protected area. Granek and Brown (2005) showed in their studies on the Comoros Islands that educating about the natural history to local resource users resulted in greater understanding and appreciation of protecting local resources (Lundquist Granek, 2005). Education however, should not be limited to only stakeholders, but alternatively include scientists and managers to be ameliorate on issues that will increase their understanding of the socioeconomic processes that will habitually affect implementation (Lundquist Granek, 2005). These processes include breeding on resource industries, political systems, legal frameworks for protection, social systems and consideration of potential socioeconomic impacts of protected area designation.Education, though fundamen tal is not the only area in which focus needs to be placed. Of extreme importance as well is the need for the goal of the protected area to be clearly defined. Explicit goals and objectives that are defined early in the design process is important for improving communication and standardizing expectations of stakeholder groups (Lundquist Granek, 2005) thus allowing stakeholders to be in full aware of the expected outcomes and methods for measuring success consequently encouraging more willing support.Management pillow slipsMarine protected areas have met limited success in many developing countries and some researchers attribute part of these shortcomings to pathetic attention to the social context of conserving oceanic resources (Cinner, 2007). Marine protected areas are important in protecting the oceanic purlieu, but are too have substantial socio-cultural impacts (Badalamenti et al., 2000). In many MPAs, the success of the protective initiatives much tends to be proport ional to the degree of involvement of the local community (West Brechin, 1991 cited in Badalamenti et al., 2000). Considering the fact that effective execution of community involvement programs is quite multifaceted, whiz may be curious as to how many programs have really been implemented and what factors contributed to its success or demise.Granek and Brown (2005) conducted a 3 grade take in that analyzed the co-management practices implemented in Mohli Marine Park, Comoros Islands. Their measurements proved that even though the co-management approach had some inevitable palenesses, the strengths significantly benefited the park. Granek and Brown (2005) showed that co-management that integrated education, use of indigenous local knowledge, subject building and community commitment provided partial mitigation where there was a lack of resources, fainthearted governmental enforcement and inadequate scientific info. Through this integration, the local empowerment that result ed contributed to the development of a conservation ethic that provided potential for long-term success through local interest (Granek Brown, 2005). Co-management in the Mohli Marine Park to a fault proved to empower community leaders and thus evaded traditional ranked political structure (Granek Brown, 2005). Involving the community proved to be of significance because this particular park lacked adequate scientific data, therefore requiring traditional knowledge as a substitute for limited ecological data. This in turn sparked local interest in organism active in tracking the parks success.Unfortunately however, with these strengths also exists shortcomings of this co-management approach, for example, parks such as these that are based on limited scientific data and rely on traditional knowledge may hinder effectiveness. A lack of baseline data limits the ability of future research to quantitatively measure success (Granek Brown, 2005). There is also the problem of inadequat e government resources that can affect the park success and although there is community involvement in monitoring and policing the park, lack of adequate government enforcement continues to affect its success. Other shortcomings include larger dental plate political and economic issues such as overpopulation, or lack of lendable funding which can undermine conservation efforts. However, all in all, the co-management of Mohli Marine Park has been successful thus far and the park has seen a notable increase in eco touristry with an average of 200 visitors per year, and even though the designation and implementation of this park were limited by available science, technological and financial resources and federal personnel, it has been compensated by the strength and interest of the local community (Granek Brown, 2005).Successful community-based management has also been spy in the case of Puerto Morelos bring down, Mxico. In this MPA, the establishment and maintenance had five st ages (a) community leaders who would participate in the project were identified (b) consensus on the need to protect the lower through discussion among stakeholders, NGOs and scientists were generated (c) involvement of government agencies in establishing the stipulation of the MPA (d) take-over of decision-making by centralized government agencies and (e) continues problem-solving process between the government and stakeholders (Rodrguez-Martinz, 2008). As previously mentioned, education plays an important role and in Puerto Morelos, public education was a main factor in gaining community support for the inception and management of the MPA. General education programs began in the early 1990s with participation of NGOs and scientists and expanded to schools with local teacher researchers, tourist operators and MPA personnel in 2003 (Rodrguez-Martinz, 2008). permanent wave educational programs began in 2004 which were designed to teach tourist guides about the values, functions, u ses and slightness of precious precious chromatic reefs in order to heighten their interest in coral reef conservation and to provide them with better tools for work (Rodrguez-Martinz, 2008). Visual acquired immune deficiency syndrome and public awareness materials such as websites, booklets and fliers were also used to educated students and the wider public. The efforts put into community education highly contributed to an increase in the willingness to accept the MPA designation and also allowed all community sectors to be open to participation during and after the creation phase. The ultimate result is that Puerto Morelos reef has a very cohesive management strategy that gives the community a sense of monomania of the process and readiness to comply, resulting in an increase in the development of social capital.Pollnac et al., (2001) examined the factors that influence the success of community-based marine protected areas in the Visayas, Philippines. The Phillipines is an extr eme example where governmental policy, international aid, universities and NGOs have resulted in the establishment of over four hundred MPAs (Pollnac et al., 2001). However, only about 20-25 percent of these MPAs in the Phillipines are successful, raising concern that this high failure rate may result in the rejection of the community-based approach. This study was conducted on 45 community-based marine protected areas in the Phillipines to conclude what factors led to the thin success rate and whether or not these factors can be used to better the situation of the other 75 percent of MPA designation. At the conclusion of their study, it was indicated that six main factors appeared to be the most important in the overall success of the community-based MPAs on their sample.Population size was the first observe factor, where the population sizes of the successful MPAs was noted to be relatively small (Pollnac et al., 2001). It was observed that for initial cooperation, a perceived c risis was needed before the project was started, for example humiliated fish populations. There was also the need for successful alternative income projects considering the community may not be able to use the resource after protection was designated. A relatively high level of community participation in the decision making process that was high on the democracy scale with, continuing advice from the implementing organization along with inputs from the municipal government were also noted. Though these factors were deemed the most important, it is important to note that they are not the only contributors and even though they worked in these areas the factors may differ in other areas.Hind et al. (2008) conducted studies in Apo Island, Phillipines in attempt to show the benefits of community involvement (bottom-up approach). This study analyzed the effects of the transition of Apo Island from creation rated one of the best community-involved MPAs to changing into a top-down, fixly governmental organized MPA. Observations showed that the MPA went from being fully supported by the community to complete community disenchantment. This change in management strategy by governmental take over resulted in the exclusion of the community and stakeholder input, resulting is lack of interest and compliance to regulations.Considering the complex heterogeneity of the existing community within the Buccoo Reef and Bon Accord region, sole community management may be very difficult to achieve as there will be a plethora of opinions and personalised preferences to appease. Considering the aforementioned examples of successful community management of MPAs where the communities involved are somewhat fluid and more dependent on the resource and thus focussed on the goal of conservation rather than that of personal gain as the community of Buccoo Reef, leads to another obstacle in achieving effective community management. This therefore lends to the suggestion of a combination of both top-down and bottom-up strategies to command effective management. Recognition is growing for such a combined management strategy as being ideal, as it is an approach that is government-driven but also heavily involves stakeholders (MPA connections). This therefore can lead to an increase in the social capital of the region as involvement in the decision making process can heighten interest in conservation and protection of the MPA.In the Caribbean there are said to be greater than 285 MPAs ( murder and Maidens, 2004). The management success of these parks highly varies, with some just being paper parks, and others being successfully managed (see figure 8). In order to obtain this information, Burke and Maidens (2004) analyzed effectiveness of MPAs based on four major criteria the mien of management natural action and to what extent enforcement is executed, the presence of a management plan and the presence of resources. The results obtained showed that as much as 49% of MP As in the Caribbean region are deemed as being inadequate with only 5% being considered good. Some studies suggest that MPAs are frequently unsuccessful as a reef conservation strategy especially in developing countries, where socio-economic factors such as poverty can drive resource exploitation and the strength for enforcement is lots lacking (McClanahan 1999, in Cinner, 2007). touristry and Carrying Capacity touristry is the high-velocity growing sector of the global economy, and in most countries, coastal touristry is the largest sector of this diligence (Tourism and Recreation). In many countries, especially developing small island states, tourism contributes a significant and growing portion of GDP and is often the major course of foreign exchange (Tourism and Recreation). In 1998, direct and indirect GDP from travel and tourism in the Caribbean was over US$28 billion, accounting for approximately 25% of the regions total GDP (WTTC 1999 in Tourism and Recreation). In the Caribbean, tourism is largely coastal or marine in nature and has been built upon the traditional aesthetic appeal of beaches, a marine environment suitable for a range of merrimental activities, and warm persist conditions all year round (Tourism and Recreation). Considering the lure of the natural environment, the tourism industry within the Caribbean benefits largely from pristine surroundings, and thus, uncontrolled expansion and mismanagement can harm the very resources on which it is based (WTTC et al., 1997 in Tourism and Recreation). Tourism growth rates vary greatly among Caribbean states, with U.S. Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico being 15-19% between 1990 and 1994, while that of Grenada, Aruba, Trinidad and Tobago and the Caymans reported as being 33-37% growth, and that of Belize , St. Lucia and Guadeloupe amounting to as much as 50-65% growth for the same time period (Tourism and Recreation).Marine protected areas are established for the primary project of conservatio n or rescue (Agardy et al., 2003), but their multiple use designation often incorporates a recreation and tourism component (Sorice et al., 2007). Undoubtedly, these use values benefit local and regional economies while also raising awareness and support of coral reef conservation, but unfortunately however, tourism and recreation participation can pose various threats to the marine resources, especially to fragile ecosystems such as coral reefs (Sorice et al., 2007). This illustrates the well-known concept of tourism as a double-edged mark and the tenuous balance between positive and negative impacts (Diedrich, 2007). In the past 20 years, there have been larger increases in visitation to marine protected areas in many parts of the world (Inglis et al., 1999).With this increase, is an associated increase in rates of participation in marine related activities such as snorkeling, scuba come down and reef walking (David and Tisdell, 1995) and thus, MPAs are increasingly challenged to detect or increase tourism benefits while striving to protect the resource (Sorice at al., 2007).Tourism has been thought of as a low-impact coral reef use, relative to extractive practices such as harvesting corals and fish for commercial purpose (Talge, 1993 in Zakai and Chadwick-Furman, 2002), however recent evidence has demonstrated that reefs may mystify degraded as a result of poor planned or intensive tourist use (Jameson et al., in Zakai and Chadwick-Furman, 2002). A number of studies have demonstrated that recreation and tourism activities such as scuba diving and snorkeling are threats to coral reefs because touching, standing, or trampling on reefs can cause serious damage such as coral breakage, wampum and mortality (Hawkins et al., 1999 in Needham, 2010). Studies conducted on reef flats in Egypt have proved that heavily trampled reef flat areas showed a linear increase of coral damage with increased trampling intensities resulting in reduced coral cover, higher(p renominal) amounts of coral damage, less old dead coral, less obligate corallivorous fishes and more herbivores (Leujak, Ormond, 2007). Considering these findings, it might become necessary to restrict the number of visitors to a site, which raises the question How much use is too much?In order to attempt to answer such a question, one must consider looking at the notion of carrying capacity. Carrying capacity in tourism is a term used often to measure the level of tourism or tourism development an area can accommodate without adverse effects on the resident community, the natural environment, or the quality of visitor devour (UNEP AND WTO, 1992 in Tourism and Recreation). The basic concept of carrying capacity, the need for a limit of limen in the tourist activity is present in one way or other in the concerns and priorities of local policy makers for sustainable tourism development (Kostopoulou and Kyritsis, 2006). However, to the extent that tourism related pressures on the na tural environment create problems on the functioning of protected areas, management agencies need to determine what the various thresholds should be (Kostopoulou and Kyritsis, 2006).When considering thresholds, research has proposed two distinct carrying capacity concepts. foremost there is the notion of, ecological or biological carrying capacity, defined by Martin and Uysal (1990) as the maximum number of tourists that can be accommodated without causing excessive environmental abjection and by Hawkins and Roberts (1997) as the amount of use down the stairs which an ecosystem can tolerate the amount of disturbance or stress, but higher up which degradation ensues (Leujak and Ormond, 2008). Secondly, there is the concept of social carrying capacity, which is defined as the level of use before a decline in users recreation experience ensues (OReilly et al., 1986).Social carrying capacity has been proposed as a management tool for use in coastal tourism, with a decline in attract iveness of a beach location, as detected by a decline in visitor numbers being taken as an indicator of unsustainable resource use (OReilly, 1986). Any tourist destination where the environment is important can lose its attractiveness through either deterioration of the environment most likely due to herd. Several studies have been undertaken to investigate visitor lores, more often than not in terrestrial settings, with only a few in marine environments (Leujak and Ormond, 2007). However these studies have confirmed crowding as one of the major factors contributing to visitor dissatisfaction (Hoover et al., 1985 in Leujak and Ormond, 2007), with perceptions of crowding depending on different factors such as visitor characteristics and the location where encounters take place (O Reilly et al., 1986). Studies have shown that crowding norms appear strongly dependant on expectations, with visitors with greater experience of nature being more sensitive to visitor density (Manning 1985 in Leujak and Ormond, 2007). step up recreational use has been shown to reduce recreational enjoyment as negative impacts such as litter, or damage to plants, trees or corals tend to reduce aesthetic appeal and overall experience, although individuals with a lower degree of environmental concern appear to be more accepting of such impacts (Priskin, 2003 in Leujak and Ormond, 2007). Visitor behavior also has an influence on a locations carrying capacity, as visitors may either simply not be aware of the impact they are having, they may be unable to change their behavior as a result of inexperience (for example inexperienced snorkelers or weak swimmers may be in need of instant rest while being out on a reef), or they may be unaware if existing regulations (Leujak and Ormond, 2007). As such it is important to take visitor perception, awareness and satisfaction into account when accessing any tourist destination, or in this case, a protected area as it can provide immanent informati on for sustainable management (Daily 2000, in Uyarra et al., 2009).Leujak and Ormond (2007) used this notion of social carrying capacity and administered questionnaires at various park locations in Egypt which addressed activity preference, coral reef knowledge and park regulation awareness. Visitor perception of reef quality and crowding were also taken into consideration. Based on their findings, it was estimated that to achieve a greater than 50% of visitors being satisfied about reef health, average coral cover would need to be around 25 to 30%, whereas a decrease of coral cover to 20% would leave only 40% of visitors satisfied and a reduction to 10% would leave only 25% satisfied (Leujak and Ormond, 2007). Results from this study showed that experienced recreationalists were more susceptible to overcrowding, preferring fewer people, whereas the less experienced showed preference to larger crowds. various(a) literatures have stated that determining the carrying capacity of a re ef system is highly specific and still somewhat not fully understood. However, in spite of the difficulty of accurately assessing the carrying capacity of coral reefs for recreational use, the concept of carrying capacity remains an important and useful tool for coral reef management (Davis and Tisdell, 1995). Management must develop a concept that establishes the best deductible rate of visitation for the specific park in question as there is no one way to determine this since each site will have varying factors acting on it. It is important to assess these factors in order to allow for sustainable tourism within any protected area. The management plan of BRMP has indicated the need to establish some salmagundi of cap on visitation to the reef in order to achieve sustainable usage however no methods to achieving this goal have been mentioned. sustainable tourism development not only has the potential for longer-term economic benefits for a community, but also can serve to limit environmental degradation (Tourism and Recreation).