Legacies of the French Revolution

Legacies of the french rotary motionWhat were the major legacies of the french transition to Nineteenth degree Celsius europium?Since the reservoir of the nineteenth century the legacies of the french conversion have been hotly debated by historians and semi policy-making analysts alike. The renewing of 1789 gave birth to the concept of differing political ideologies. 1 Being a defined doctrine of the optimum forms of social and political organisation, this concept of scanty naked political ideologies went against the tried and testedAncien Rgime that was in place in France at the era so hated that it is considered one of the main performs of the french revolution. ahead the revolution (With the newly formed United States cosmos the greatest exception) some atomic number 63an terra firmas lived under the traditional form of g overnment that had been used for generations, that of contractable monarchy.2 After the revolution, no form of governing could be accepte d without justification this gave birth to various other political ideologies such as Nationalism, liberalism, socialist economy and in conclusion communism.3 This increased political consciousness was not however the simply bequest of the French revolution, neither was it the only political bequest from it, only if the tip of a huge iceberg of cultural social economical and political upheaval that was felt byout the world. Shaping the lives of nineteenth century europiumans and some argue still shapes the world we live in today. This analyze will hope to examine the major legacies of the French revolution and qualifying expla nations as to why they were so important and how they fascinated the way of deportment in nineteenth century europium.Political LegaciesSome of the longest lived and prominent legacies of the French revolution were political, whilst this could be seen to be expected as it was a political revolution. The achievement of the political change from wh at was considered the norm in France at the judgment of conviction to what it became is astounding. To accurately note the extent of change, one must first sink when the revolution ends in France. For most the end of the French revolution came on 27th of July 1795 with the fall of the National formula.4 The National Convention was a political system use in September 1792, this was the first time in France that the blueprint of the masses came to the people, it was lead by Maximilien de Robespierre5, who was a first among equals, this control of France by the National Convention became cognize as the Reign of timidity. Approximately 20-40,000 people were executed as enemies of the revolution.6 The guillotine being the heavy weapon of choice, no continuing were aristocrats beheaded by swords, but peasant and exponent alike faced the guillotine as a weapon of equality, albeit in its most barbaric fashion.7 Although barbaric and bloody in most eye the Convention did implemen t many measures that had a lasting effect in France and a legacy that spread throughout Europe, the fixing of grain prices known as The Maximum construct a maximum price on bread,8 this spawned socialist ideas and would become a major influence to early bolshy ideologies.9 They withal introduced conscription in a military capacity in work to France with the Jourdan Law10, an act that endured until cc1.11 The National Convention held control through devotion and encouraged the act of informing on people.12 The fall of the National Convention spel conduct the end for the French revolution, as such consequences that happened because of a straight off tie in to the actions pre conventional fall could be view of as a legacy of the French revolution. After the fall of the National Convention, there came the Directory.13 The mob had failed at governing itself as shown with the fall of the Convention it was now the middle classes roll to offer a measure of stability. They kept the c ontinuity of bread determine that was introduced by the Convention. And they introduced some measure of democracy to France, albeit with a oftentimes decreased electorate. The qualifying criteria being that a voter must be male aged 40 or more(prenominal), and paying rates and either get hitched with or widowed.14 This first stab at democracy left a lasting legacy in France with the use system being tweaked over time to eventually include universal suffrage and peals for votes for women,15 long onward the introduction of the same ideas in Britain.16 Britain at this time had a heavy(p) political stance this was through fear of the French revolution. Britain and governings throughout Europe wished never again to see the excesses of the French revolution, and so implemented acts to rig the ability to congregate, in response to the riots in London of 1916 and the nibloo Massacre also of 1816, there was acts to limit mass political organisation as a measure of control throug h fear of the French revolution.17 The directory also implemented the Declaration of the remunerates of man and of the citizen, this drew heavily from the newly in invoked American composition,18 in fact there is an argument that Thomas Jefferson one of the signatories of the American constitution and second president of the United States, influenced the writing of this document whilst staying in France through his close friend the Marquis de Lafayette.19 The document promised equality of law, the freedom of normal and religion, and that a criminal was innocent until proven guilty.20 This document is still in use in France today and is one of the longest enduring legacies of the French revolution. They are also the basis for the Bill of Human Rights used by the United Nations.21When talking about the French whirling, one could almost give the answer, which one? If the earlier proposed premise is to be believed that the French Revolution finish with the fall of the National conv ention. Then all subsequent could be thought of as a direct legacy of the first, did the Storming of the Bastille on 14th of July 1789 give way a door that could not be closed. If this is true then it could be said that the subsequent revolutions in France such as the coup of forty winks, or the revolutions of 1848, which sparked huge civil un stand-in in the stick of Europe, were a legacy of the initial French revolution, and that its lasting legacy was the ability to propagate more revolution. The French Revolution continued to provide instruction for revolutionaries in the nineteenth and 20th centuries, as peoples in Europe and around the world seek to realize their different versions of freedom. Karl Marx would, at least at the outset, pattern his imprint of a proletarian revolution on the French Revolution of 1789.22 And 200 years later Chinese students, who weeks in the beginning had fought their government in Tiananmen Square, sustain the contemporary relevance of the F rench Revolution when they led the revolutionary bicentenary parade in Paris on July 14, 1989.23 The aforementioned no government could be accepted without justification, c student residenceenged not only the right to rule in France but also throughout Europe, and challenged the preconceived ideas on the reverent right of kings. Clearly, society in France and to a lesser extent in other p arts of Europe would never be the same. Once the antique structure of privilege was smashed, it could not be pieced together again. The French revolution also ushered in an age of liberalist persuasion, the liberalism which emerged for the revolutionary regime promoted a rally state, but also a free market economy in France. The regime abolished all institutions of civil society and recreated them under the authority of the telephone exchange state, Loi Le Chapelierof 1791 banned guilds and fraternities opening up the market to all.24Nationalism star of the main legacies of the French revolu tion, not just in France but the rest of the world was Nationalism. People getting themselves willingly organised for a cause of national interest came as a direct result of the French revolution.25 In France the rise of nationalism is apparent when looking at Napoleon Bonaparte, Nationalism enabled Napoleon to become such and heroic symbol of France that his glory was easily picked up by his Nephew who then went on to become emperor Napoleon III.26 Increase in Nationalism also spread to the rest of Europe. Following the defeat of Napoleon, the coition of Vienna in 1814-1815 wanted to hold back no one came so close to conquering the whole of Europe again. They organized boundaries for a stable Europe and coalitions of Nations, so that one nation could not get out of hand,27 this along with the alliances formed by the conjure Chancellor Otto Von Bismarck, created what became known as the Balkan powder keg in Europe all nations poised to defend their allies at the slightest provo cation. This coming together of countries was a direct result of the French revolution, the construct of Belgium and the subsequent number of unionism was also another.28 Increased Nationalism in the Habsburg Empire, led to the creation of independent countries where once it was a joined empire.29 It could be said that although the variables that led to the First World War, were minute and numerous. The French Revolution was a major contributory factor to the First World War, without it the coalitions of nations and Bismarcks indemnity of alliances would not have been implemented. Nationalism would not have gained such popularity if not for the French Revolution, which would in turn prevented the breaking down to some extent of the Habsburg empire, without the French Revolution it could be said that the murder of Franz Ferdinand, the spark to Europes powder keg, would not have been as severe without the legacy of the French revolution. Furthermore without the creation of Belgium as a direct splice to the Congress of Vienna, Britain would not have had to fulfil its oath to protect Belgium, concur upon in the treaty of London 1839, and get dragged into conflict.30 Cultural LegaciesArtA direct legacy of the French revolution was also the transformation of art styles in France and throughout Europe, before the revolution academies were strongly influenced by the government and aristocracy to reflect ideals favourable to the rich French aristocrats who sponsored these counterfeits, and influenced artists in salons.31 The rococo style exemplified by Jean-Antoine Watteau, of outdoor events, which pictured peasants as happy and simple, pandered to the individuation attitude of governance, shown by the French upper classes at the time, and was a stark contrast to the poverty and strife that inflicted their day to day lives.32 These ideals post revolution were challenged and brought in the era of Neo-Classicism. And a truer more realistic depiction of life of the lower classes was not only shown but became acceptable and popular.33 The French tricolor flag was also first established as the flag of France during the French revolution and continues to be used to this day,34 alongside their national anthem Le Marseilles, written in 1792.35 The French motto which became prevalent in the time of the revolution has also been included in every city hall since the revolution, that of Libert, Egalit, Fraternit. The Revolution also abolished slavery in France,36 and opened up opportunities to those that were before excluded for their religion or social status. Building the idea that a nation is not a mass of royal subjects, but a arrangement of equal citizens. Religious LegaciesReligionReligion was a main rate of the French revolution, the separation of Church and State was something that the revolutionaries implemented, this fundamental secularism of the revolutionary powers pained those that preferred state power be dependent on apparitional au thority.37 Post revolution as previously mentioned ushered in new thinking where no governance could be achieved without justification, and to the revolutionaries the church had none, the new regime spare their power to educate the young and created new schools where the church could no longer educate the youth of France. When Louis XVIII was for a short time bewilder back on the throne, he attempted to reverse this. Followed by his comrade Charles X, who gave the control of education back to the church,38 this like so much of the work of Louis XVII and Charles X was a contradiction, they took something that worked and replaced it with something that did not. This was rectified by the Commune who implemented a complete separation of church and state, with the policy of lacit in 190539 this continues to this day in France, and it is still one of the most secular countries in the world. The French Revolution demonstrated the power of the masses. It challenged the old regimes of mo narchy and through it genuine Frances first republic, it ushered in ideologies of nationalism alongside liberalism, and was a major influence on early communist thinking. It created a class consciousness that was previously unknown in Europe at the time, the lower classes were expected by their governments to accept their lot, and not rise above their station, the French revolution gave people not only the opportunity to realise that they could fight for a cave in life if there were unfair practices, but it was also a wakeup call for the rest of Europe to think about the persecution of their working classes, and how it might eventually turn on them. The attempt to re instate a monarchy with Philip Louis shows just how much the French revolution changed not only the thoughts to monarchy, but their thoughts to governance as a whole, whilst it could be said monarchy was hated. Napoleons rise to emperor was accepted because of the cogency he displayed, showing the acceptance of an au tocratic style of leadership as long as they displayed strength. This is evident in the separation of church and state, whilst sooner separating the two, under Louis XVII and Charles X they were again joined, though it was later stray by the Commune this shows the continual Revolutionary thinking in the French mindset, particularly as it is still in place today. The attempted act back of the clocks in France and their reluctance to return to a pre-revolution state shows just how deep the effect of the revolution was. The spread of different political ideologies changed the face of Europe and the way it was governed, the proposed legacy of the French revolution being a major cause of the First World War. Shows just how distant reaching not only geographically but chronologically the French Revolution was. The legacies of the French revolution, whether speculated upon, or cold hard fact. Are vary and numerous, whilst trying to explain many this essay pales in comparison to the d ownright weight of legacy that Europe experienced as a direct result of that day in July 1789. Or in the words of autopsy Zhou Enlai, is it still too early to tell?1 Theda Skocpol,States and social revolutions A comparative analysis of France, Russia and China. (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1979) p. 1552 Archibald Alison, storey of Europe (from 1789 to 1815). (1843) p. 827 Obtained for free on Kindle at https//archive.org/details/historyeuropefr37alisgoog (accessed 23/04/2014)3 Eric J. Hobsbawm,Nations and nationalism since 1780 Programme, myth, reality. (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2012.) p.194 George Rud,The French Revolution. (New York grove Weidenfeld. 1988)p.1995 Joseph I. Shulim, Robespierre and the French Revolution,American Historical Review(1977) 821 pp. 20-386 Shulim, Robespierre and the French Revolution pp.20-387 Ludmilla Jordanova, medical examination mediations Mind, body and the guillotine. History Workshop Journal(Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 39-52). (Oxford Oxford University Press.September 1989)8 Eugene White, The French Revolution and the governing of Government Finance, 17701815.The Journal of economic History1995, p 2449 Albert S. Lindemann,A history of European socialism. (Yale University Press, 1984.) p.1410 Alan Forrest,Conscripts and Deserters The ground forces and French Society during the Revolution and Empire (New York Oxford University Press, 1989.) p. 35.11 France salutes end of military service http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/1682777.stm (accessed 23/04/2014)12M. Darrow, Economic holy terror in the City The General Maximum in Montauban.French Historical Studies1991, p 51113 Hugh Chisholm ed. The French Revolution Encyclopdia Britannica (CambridgeCambridge University Press 1911)14William Doyle,The Oxford History of the French Revolution(2 ed.). (Oxford New York Oxford University Press. 1990) p.31915 History of womens right to vote available http//www.france.fr/en/institutions-and-values/history-womens-ri ght-vote.html (accessed 23/04/2014)16 Although proposed the right to vote for women was not granted in France until 29th April 1945.17 The French Revolutions Legacy Our Time, Melvyn Bragg, BBC Radio 4, London 14th June 2001.18Jeffrey Kopstein, Comparative political science Interests, Identities, and Institutions in a Changing Global Order. (CambridgeCambridge University Press.2000) p.72.19 George Athan Billias, ed. American Constitutionalism Heard some the World, 1776-1989 A Global Perspective. (New York NYU Press. 2009) p.92.20 All 17 articles of the Declaration available at http//www.constitution.org/fr/fr_drm.htm (accessed 23/04/2014)21 Bill of human rights available http//www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/ (accessed 23/04/2014)22 Franois Furet,Marx and the French Revolution. (Chicago University of Chicago Press, 1988.) p.1223 Dave Martin, Enquiring History The French Revolution (Hodder Education 2013) p.1224 Adrian Pabst, Liberty, equality and Fraternity? On the Legacy and Endurin g Significance of the French Revolution Available at http//wpfdc.org/blog/our-columnists/adrian-pabst/18825-liberty-equality-and-fraternity-on-the-legacy-and-enduring-significance-of-the-french-revolution (accessed 23/04/2014)25 Michael Rowe, The French Revolution, Napoleon, and Nationalism in Europe (Oxford Oxford University Press 2013) p.1026 Alexander J. Motyl, Encyclopedia of Nationalism, Volume II. (Massachusetts Academic Press.2000)27 Harold Nicolson, The Congress of Vienna A Study in Allied Unity 1812-1822 (New York plantation Press 2000)pp.20-3228 Belgiums independence http//www.belgium.be/en/about_belgium/country/history/belgium_from_1830/ (accessed 24/04/2014)29 Peter F. Sugar, The Rise of Nationalism in the Habsburg Empire.Austrian History Yearbook3, no. 01 (1967) p. 91-120.30 Eric Van Hooydonk, Chapter 15. In Aldo E. Chircop, O. Lindn.Places of Refuge The Belgian Experience. (Leiden Martinus Nijhoff. 2006) p.41731 Monique Wagner,From Gaul to De Gaulle An Outline of Fren ch Civilization.(Peter Lang, 2005)p. 139.32 Frances Economic Crisis Available at http//www.fsmitha.com/h3/h33-fr.htmlsub (Accessed 23/04/2014)33 Fritz Novotny,Painting and Sculpture in Europe, 17801880, (Connecticut Yale University Press, 1978) p.2134 Marie Joseph capital of Minnesota Yves Roch Gilbert Du Motier Lafayette (marquis de),Memoirs, correspondence and manuscripts of General Lafayette,vol. 2, p. 252.35 Eugen Weber, Peasants Into Frenchmen The Modernization of Rural France, 18701914. (California Stanford University Press 1976) p.439.36 Whilst revolutionary France abolished slavery, it was re introduced by Napoleon in 1802.37 Michel Troper, French Secularism, or Lacit.Cardozo L. Rev.21 (1999)p. 126738 Frank Tallet,Religion, Society and Politics in France Since 1789(London Continuum International Publishing 1991) pp. 1-1739 Evelyn M. Acomb,The French Laic Laws, 1879-1889 The First Anti-Clerical Campaign of the Third French Republic, (New York Columbia University Press, 1941) p.41