The Kite Runner Essay -- Literary Analysis, Khaled Hosseini

There is a way to be solid again. By putting this quote at the very graduation beginning of the reserve, The Kite Runner, Khaled Hosseini has introduced a theme that goes throughout the story of the book, redemption. Everything has a path that leads to the final destination, sometimes there argon more than iodine path to go. It depends on people to choose which one that suitable for them. In the book, by telling the story, the author has shown a road to redemption. Baba, Sanaubar and Amir, different characters in the book represent different types of people in reality, stories of how they would do to redeem their mistakes. repurchase, the definition of this term is a controversial subject. Through the book, the author shows his side of understanding the word. Redemption is an act of goodness from the regretful heart, from guilt of the past. A person who had made a mistake before would be corroded slowly by his regret and the pain that haunts him days by days. However, there is a way to be good again, he may have killed a life, but he can save another life to pay back for the sin. Thats how redemption simply works. People could not change the past therefore, they would do a good thing that brings to a better future, which makes them become better people than the ones in the past. The road to redemption is not from when the person makes up for his guilt, but it starts when he olfactory modality regretful, a difficult start, and ends with a relief of redemption. The author puts characters into different situations of sins and how they try to resolve problems, as examples for his ideas of road to redemption.For instance, Baba is always an honorable man in peoples eyes. They revere him for his power, they are jealous with his wealth and they love ... ...uilty feeling inside people. It is pointless for doing thousands of good things in the present when they could not change a sin in their past. Redemption can be considered as a comfort, that gives people the i llusion, a feeling of believing that they could pay back for their sins. However, it is not true what has been through could not be inversed again. For example, Amir may have saved Sohrabs life by rescuing the boy from Assef, but that is what he does for Sohrab, not Hassan. His half-brother had still been assail by Assef, he got shot and already died. That truth is unchangeable. In fact, redemption is an action that may be kind of selfishness because most parts of redemption are all about sinners, when they try to make themselves feel better. Therefore, the authors statement of the redemption, there is a way to be good again, is not always true.

Cloning :: essays research papers

Millions of people. They all look a desire, think alike, and dress alike. Sounds like something out of a sci-fi novel, right? Well, with clone its possible, maybe. They bequeath look alike, but thats a daily round it. Cloning will help the world, not make it the same. Three pros to cloning are that cloning may hold the secret to eternal youth, the research of genes has changed the thinking of scientists, and that parents would be able to have a minor who looks exactly like a model, movie star, etc.First, cloning could lead to the discovery of the secret to eternal youth. If anyone had a chance to live forever, they would take it. If anyone could have a child who could live forever, they would do it. Cloning may be the answer to eternal youth. He said the creation of transgenetic animals could be an important tool in ... in the long run stopping -- the aging process. Becoming immortal is not the whole plus to cloning.Furthermore, the research of cloning has helped scientists be g et down aware of the way genes operate. With continuous research into the ship canal of cloning scientists could come to understand the ways cells and genes work. As the information grows we will be able to get rid of genetic diseases and defects. As geneticists have come to understand the ways in which genes operate, they have also become aware of the myriad ways in which the environment affects their expression. In the future people will be able to decide what their child will look like and what kind of base intelligence the child will have, but they will not be able to decide the childs fate. For the people who want to control what their children will look like, there is the possibility of cloning a celebrated person.Finally, parents will be able to clone a models appearance so that their child looks exactly like the person. This would get rid of a feeling of not being beautiful and would allow people to worry about more important things than what other people think a bout them. Suppose a couple wants a designer child - a clone of Cindy Crawford or Elizabeth Taylor -- because they want a daughter who will grow up to be as attractive as those women. This would be possible because of the fact that the child would not think or act like the person they were cloned from, they would only look the same.

affirmative action Essay -- essays research papers

IntroductionAffirmative deed in higher education should be abolished. College admissions should be based on what the admissions board is looking for for, not what the government says should be required. In this paper, I will present evidence to support that position.     At unrivalled time, affirmative action was a indispensable and legitimate policy. Segregation has existed way too much in the past and has left people out of jobs, out of certain areas of t take in, and schooling. We needed to make a law that would get rid of segregation, and help everybody assimilate or just live peacefully without discrimination. When a majority the southern where rebelling and would not allow African Americans in their stores, schools, etc, affirmative action was justifiable. But is it today?     Much of the affirmative action debate is, and should be centered on education. Many of the critics whom at one time also believed that the preferential treatm ent shown to lower the discrimination towards minority groups is something that should be eliminated. Being that American society has become less discriminatory, affirmative action may be less necessary. Discrimination is something that will always be an jazz thither will always be backwards individuals who cannot overlook their own prejudices for the greater good. However, there are fewer of these people. With declines in racial discrimination, we should also seek to eliminate the reverse racism now being displayed towards college while male applicants. This is an issue that effects potential students, and those who get rejected merely apply to another school. How can this issue of accepting minorities over others because be brought to the attention of the lawmakers without making it reckon as if there will be less opportunities for minority groups? Equality is a very sensitive topic that has to be danced around with the potential for a misconception of what is trying to be achi eved.      In the early 1960s the federal government implemented programs such as the national Defense Student Loan Program (NDSL), work-study programs, and the National Defense Educational Act (NDEA). These programs made it easier for minority groups, in particular African Americans, to receive financial help. Equal opportunity grants also helped enroll more minorities, especially blacks. At the time, these ... ... succeeding in the collegiate environment. A fallacy that is prevalent is that minorities score much lower then the white majority. This is not true there is a small gap, but it is not significant. Yes minorities quite often do have to deal with crowded classrooms, teachers with less advanced degrees, and the lack of counseling recourses that are available for predominantly white, suburban schools. However, is this a reason to give funding to those who lack? America is based on the ideological belief that "you can be whatever you want to be, or, work hard enough and you will achieve your goals." To place this belief in the minds of all youth should be enough. To place this in the minds of all the same youth but then give preferential treatment to the minority class is a blatant display of reverse racism that should be done away with henceforth. References CitedThe College Board critical review August 1999, No.188Leonard Biard-College Student September 2001 V.35, No. 3Comparative Educational Review V.47 No.1, February 2003The College Board Review No.189/190, January 2000College and University Journal V.79 No.1, Summer 2003Educational Theory Winter 2002,V.52 N.1

Video Games: Assassin Simulations Essay -- Video Games Violence Papers

characterization Games Assassin SimulationsVideo game violence has been a wildly ponderd topic since the beginnings of the industry. The topic evolved from the debate on media violence or violence in print media. However, the goggle box game debate brings a new angle. Video games, because of their immersive nature, are said to father more impact on children. The proponents and opponents of video game censorship do not really fall into traditional political boundaries. The proponents of censorship tend to be some parents and doctors. Those opposed to censorship tend to be those who play the video games themselves. There is a core group faction, however. The center faction consists of those doctors and psychologists who evaluate media violence on a pu confide medical checkup level. The proponents of video game censorship use a lot of pathos, ethos, but little logos. They mainly believe that kids are dictated to violent acts through what they commemorate in their environment. T hey invoke images of the school shootings at Columbine. They rely on their own ethos, being mostly doctors or self-declared experts on the subject. The center is a bit different. They rely totally on logos and ethos. They provide statistics and ask you to trust their studies. They also attack the studies and logic by the proponents as faulty. But, notwithstanding this, they do recognize that video games are getting increasingly violent. The opponents of video game censorship are mostly video gamers like myself, whose only articulatio is on USENET and popular web-based period of play forums. We dont have any experts to speak for us, except for those who take a general anti-censorship stance. Video games, being an feel of free manner of speaking and not dangerous to our children, should not be censored.Michael... ...nents of censorship were adults when they committed the crime. In addition, video games are an art form and are defend as free speech under the first amendment. Wo rks CitedBrody, Michael Playing With Death The Brown University Child and Adolescent Behavior Letter. v16 i11 (Nov. 2000) Information glide slope grow Academic ASAP.Grossman, Dave Teaching Kids How to slay National Forum v80 i4 (Fall 2000) Information vex Expanded Academic ASAP.Peck, Peggy Brain Cells Victims of Video Violence United Press planetary (Dec. 3 2002) Information Access Expanded Academic ASAP.Walling, Anne D. Do Video Games Lead to Violent Behavior in Children American Family Physician v65 i7 p1436 Information Access Expanded Academic ASAP.Gangs in Cyber Space Yahoo Internet Life (Aug. 1, 2002) Information Access Expanded Academic ASAP. Video Games Assassin Simulations Essay -- Video Games Violence PapersVideo Games Assassin SimulationsVideo game violence has been a wildly debated topic since the beginnings of the industry. The topic evolved from the debate on media violence or violence in print media. However, the video game debate b rings a new angle. Video games, because of their immersive nature, are said to have more impact on children. The proponents and opponents of video game censorship do not really fall into traditional political boundaries. The proponents of censorship tend to be some parents and doctors. Those opposed to censorship tend to be those who play the video games themselves. There is a center faction, however. The center faction consists of those doctors and psychologists who evaluate media violence on a purely medical level. The proponents of video game censorship use a lot of pathos, ethos, but little logos. They mainly believe that kids are driven to violent acts through what they observe in their environment. They invoke images of the school shootings at Columbine. They rely on their own ethos, being mostly doctors or self-declared experts on the subject. The center is a bit different. They rely totally on logos and ethos. They provide statistics and ask you to trust their studies. They also attack the studies and logic by the proponents as faulty. But, despite this, they do recognize that video games are getting increasingly violent. The opponents of video game censorship are mostly video gamers like myself, whose only voice is on USENET and popular web-based gaming forums. We dont have any experts to speak for us, except for those who take a general anti-censorship stance. Video games, being an expression of free speech and not dangerous to our children, should not be censored.Michael... ...nents of censorship were adults when they committed the crime. In addition, video games are an art form and are protected as free speech under the first amendment. Works CitedBrody, Michael Playing With Death The Brown University Child and Adolescent Behavior Letter. v16 i11 (Nov. 2000) Information Access Expanded Academic ASAP.Grossman, Dave Teaching Kids How to Kill National Forum v80 i4 (Fall 2000) Information Access Expanded Academic ASAP.Peck, Peggy Brain Cells Victims of Video Violence United Press International (Dec. 3 2002) Information Access Expanded Academic ASAP.Walling, Anne D. Do Video Games Lead to Violent Behavior in Children American Family Physician v65 i7 p1436 Information Access Expanded Academic ASAP.Gangs in Cyber Space Yahoo Internet Life (Aug. 1, 2002) Information Access Expanded Academic ASAP.

Sharing the Blame in Shakespeares Macbeth Essay examples -- Macbeth e

Sharing the Blame in Macbeth The great Shakespearean tragedy Macbeth is a boloney about a Scottish Thane, Macbeth, who, lookingly according to a prophecy of witches, becomes Thane of Cawdor, and King. And because Macbeth has gained his throne through deceit and treacherous ways, he loses it. The blame for the downfall of Macbeth lies with Macbeth himself, madam Macbeth and the witches.Enter the first act, second scene. We see good King Duncan and his Thanes, talk about the outcome of a war well won. All the men seem to praise good Macbeth. A first impression is made that Macbeth is a good man, not a treacherous one. For brave Macbeth - well he deserves that spot - 12, 16 He receives the praise of his peers, and is well respected. What could turn a man like this to villainous ways? Only his own ambition, his own congratulate could have drawn him down the whole dark path. But something, or someone, must have egged him on. FIRST jinx All hail, Macbeth Hail to thee, Thane of Gla mis SECOND WITCH All hail, Macbeth Hail to thee, Thane of Cawdor THIRD WITCH All hail Macbeth, that shalt be king hereafter 13, 57-59 Here we receive the prophecy of the Three Witches. Hailing Macbeth Thane of Glamis is nil new. Macbeth is already Thane of Glamis. Macbeth has not withal heard of the treachery of the Thane of Cawdor, how he betrayed the Scottish folk (as stated earlier in the Act), and thus does not expect to be hailed Thane of Cawdor. Hailing Macbeth as king, is a totally different thing. How could he be king? They already had one, to speak of him replacing the king was to commit the highest treason in the kingdom. And yet the witches spoke the prophecy. At first Macbeth does not b... ...hcock, 1987. Curry, Walter. Shakespeare s Philosophical Patterns. London Mass Peter Smith, 1968. Epstein, Norrie, The Friendly Shakepeare, New York, Viking Publishing, 1993. Harbage, Alfred, Macbeth, Middlesex England, Penguin Publishing, 1956. Magill, Masterplots- Volume 6, New Jersey, Salem Press, 1949. Schlegel, venerable Wilhelm. Criticism on Shakespeare s Tragedies . A Course of Lectures on Dramatic Art and Literature. London AMS Press, Inc., 1965. Shakespeare, William. Tragedy of Macbeth . Ed. Barbara Mowat and Paul Warstine. New York Washington Press, 1992. Staunten, Howard, The Complet Illustrated Shakespeare, New York, parking area Lane Publishing, 1979. T.W. Shakespeare, the Critical Heritage. Vol. 5. London Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979. Wills, Gary. Witches & Jesuits. Oxford Oxford University Press, 1995.

Sharing the Blame in Shakespeares Macbeth Essay examples -- Macbeth e

Sharing the Blame in Macbeth The great Shakespearean tragedy Macbeth is a tale closely a Scottish Thane, Macbeth, who, seemingly according to a prophecy of witches, becomes Thane of Cawdor, and King. And because Macbeth has gained his throne through deceit and treacherous ways, he loses it. The blame for the downfall of Macbeth lies with Macbeth himself, Lady Macbeth and the witches. present the first act, second scene. We see good King Duncan and his Thanes, talk about the outcome of a war well won. either the men seem to cheering good Macbeth. A first impression is made that Macbeth is a good man, not a treacherous one. For brave Macbeth - well he deserves that name - 12, 16 He receives the praise of his peers, and is well respected. What could turn a man like this to villainous ways? Only his own ambition, his own pride could wear drawn him down the whole dark path. But something, or someone, must have egged him on. FIRST WITCH All hail, Macbeth Hail to thee, Thane of Glami s SECOND WITCH All hail, Macbeth Hail to thee, Thane of Cawdor THIRD WITCH All hail Macbeth, that shalt be king hereafter 13, 57-59 Here we receive the prophecy of the Three Witches. Hailing Macbeth Thane of Glamis is nothing new. Macbeth is already Thane of Glamis. Macbeth has not yet heard of the treachery of the Thane of Cawdor, how he betrayed the Scottish folk (as stated earlier in the Act), and thus does not expect to be hailed Thane of Cawdor. Hailing Macbeth as king, is a totally different thing. How could he be king? They already had one, to speak of him replacing the king was to commit the highest treason in the kingdom. And yet the witches mouth the prophecy. At first Macbeth does not b... ...hcock, 1987. Curry, Walter. Shakespeare s Philosophical Patterns. London Mass Peter Smith, 1968. Epstein, Norrie, The Friendly Shakepeare, New York, Viking Publishing, 1993. Harbage, Alfred, Macbeth, Middlesex England, Penguin Publishing, 1956. Magill, Masterplots- Volume 6, New Jersey, Salem Press, 1949. Schlegel, August Wilhelm. censure on Shakespeare s Tragedies . A Course of Lectures on Dramatic Art and Literature. London AMS Press, Inc., 1965. Shakespeare, William. Tragedy of Macbeth . Ed. Barbara Mowat and Paul Warstine. New York Washington Press, 1992. Staunten, Howard, The Complet Illustrated Shakespeare, New York, Park road Publishing, 1979. T.W. Shakespeare, the Critical Heritage. Vol. 5. London Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979. Wills, Gary. Witches & Jesuits. Oxford Oxford University Press, 1995.

DBQ Federalists and Democratic-Republicans Essay

Thesis It would appear that the assertion that Democratic-Republicans were strict interpreters of the Constitution while Federalists were not are only somewhat accurate.The Letter from doubting doubting Thomas Jefferson to Samuel Kercheval is of particular interest because Jefferson outright give tongue tos I know likewise, that the laws and institutions must go hand in hand with the progress of the human mind. This is somewhat dissimilar from the traditional take in of Jefferson interpreting the character as absolute under any circumstances. The fact that he himself writes that the make-up must be adapted to the generation suggest that Jefferson, like the Democratic-Republican party as a whole, was not such an absolutist. Jefferson also states that I am certainly not an advocate for frequent and unsalted changes in laws and constitutions which would seem to indicate that He also believed that a change to the constitution was a serious thing not to be taken thinly much like t he historical image of the Democratic-Republicans.Jefferson believed that amendments would eventu in ally become necessary to preserve the constitution as a credible document, however he also believed such changes should only be made when absolutely necessary. The fact that this idea about the constitution (that it was not perfect and would eventually need change) contradicts the historical image of strict and absolute interpretation of the constitution that Democratic-Republicans, and by extension Jefferson himself, are given.-While Jefferson shows sympathy to fightds eventual change on issues such as slavery he did not follow through in the least as chair. -Jefferson is some dates portrayed as the first great president by historians. -Jefferson actually helped condense in the constitution with many of the men who would go on to be federalists. -Jefferson made many of his statements against slavery and absolute interpretation of the Constitution later in life which could suggest that much of these writings were out of hindsight of his actions as president and the unofficial leader of the Democratic-RepublicansOne document that might suggest that Federalists were not all so supportive of the federal government over the states was the speech that FederalistDaniel Webster delivered before telling on december 9th 1814. Webster states If the secretary of war has proved the right of Congress to enact the law enforcing a draft of men out of the militia into the regular army, he will be able at any time be able to prove quite as clearly that Congress has the billet to create a dictator. This quote is loaded with sentiments normally expect from a Democratic Republican rather than a Federalist. States rights, negative sentiment towards Federal authority over the states, and the assertion that this expansion of Federal power is a step towards tyranny, are all opinions typical of a Democratic Republican, not a Federalist. This clearly suggests that not all Federalist s were loose interpreters of the constitution since states rights is an argument ordinarily made by some sensation advocating for a strict interpretation of the Constitution. It would appear that this speech was relatively pointless to affect the conflict at hand considering that the war of 1812 (Mr. Madisons war as dubbed by Federalists) was only fought for a few more weeks before it was officially concluded. Federalists were quite against this war with Britain which could mean that Webster could set about come to this argument more out of anger over the war than actual ideals. It is interesting that the measure Webster is referring to took place in 1814 considering that the Democratic-Republicans, who would wipe out been against drafting militiamen into the matter army, controlled the Congress, Senate, and the White House. -1814 was the last year that Federalists had a major role in Congress given their attempt to secede from the union in 1815 in the capital of Connecticut C onvention.The report and resolutions of the Hartford Convention serves to demonstrate how Federalists did support a loose interpretation of the constitution. In the resolution the participants (of whom many were Federalists) proposed that several amendments to the constitution be pick out by the states. While this may seem fairly insignificant the fact that they were trying to conform state laws to national law shows a very laborious leaning towards Federal authority over state authority.This was very much in line with Federalist principles and loose interpretations of the constitution since they are proposing three changes to several state constitutions. The Federalists are taking a stance against state rights which are guaranteed in theconstitution and requesting that the states conform to federal law which can be seen as a rather loose interpretation given that powers not afforded to the national government are given to the states by the tenth amendment.-The three proposed amen dments seem to inhibit the power of the government which is more in line with Democratic-Republican ideals, which could suggest that this was meant to gain bipartisan support in the states. The Hartford Convention was also famous for being the unofficial demise of the Federalist party considering that the resolutions also threatened to declare New England independent from the union if the government did not comply which the largely Democratic-Republican populated nation viewed as treasonous. One of the amendments proposed made it illegal to enforce an embargo for longer than 60 days which is interesting considering that leading up to the war with Britain, many Federalists were advocating ignoring the embargo on Britain. Although the Democratic-Republicans controlled Congress, the Senate, and the presidency prior to the Hartford Convention, the negative reaction to the resolutions layed out by the Hartford Convention ensured what could be described as a near one party rule for the De mocratic-Republicans through the mid 1800s.One Final Document that would serve to demonstrate how there was a large grey area in how Democratic-Republicans and Federalists interpreted the Constitution is actually another speech made by John Randolph in 1816 before Congress. Randolph himself was a very strict interpreter of the constitution but what makes this speech interesting is who he is calling out in this speech and why. We dupe another proof that the present government (the Madison administration) have renounced the true Republican principles of Jeffersons administration on which they raised themselves to power. Randolph is calling out the Democratic-Republican president James Madison, for renouncing the policies laid out by Thomas Jefferson who is seen asthe establisher of many of the ideals of the Democratic Republican Party.Madison is accused of aggravating the burdens of the people for the purpose of favoring the manufacturers. Essentially he is being called out for raisi ng measurees on the middle class. Why this demonstrates how Democratic Republicans could have taken a loose interpretation to the constitution is because raising taxes is something that many Democratic-Republicans believed to be a state by state issue even though the Constitution gives the government the power to levy taxes. However Madison is going against that ideal and raising the national tax rate which given the Democratic-Republican interpretation of only allowing states to raise taxes, is a very loose interpretation.-Madison was known to have changed his opinion on these matters several times as a politician which could explain why he was raising taxes.-Randolph also linked Madison to John Adams who was also a loose interpreter of the constitution and rather unpopular amongst the Democratic-Republicans because of it. Madison was very much influenced by Thomas Jefferson who would have definitely disapproved of raising taxes on the middle class. Madison was the first president to preside over the Era of Good Feelings or the time period where the Democratic-Republicans enjoyed a near one party rule in the government. This tax would have been a very unusual interruption in the usual lack of debate and argument that was apparent in Congress and the Senate.

Philosophy Of Torture Essay

Defining TortureTorture is any deed where arch nuisance and suffering which is either mental or physical is intentionally inflicted into a mortal for the purpose of obtaining from him confession or information, by punishing him for the act he or third person is suspected of committing or has committed. It can also be intimidating or forcing him for the reason which is based on divergence when such suffering is inflicted with consent of or at the instigation of public official or an other(a) person who is working in an official capacity. This excludes pain and suffering from incidental or integrityful sanctions.In render sponsored bedevil, groups or individuals inflict optical aberration on one another in this case, single-foot is for the pauperism of sadistic gratification of torturer. in that respect is prohibition of torture under world-wide law and in domestic law in to the highest degree countries. Amnesty international give tongue tos that, in world governments, 75% of them currently practice torture. In history, torture has been used to effect political re-education. 21 century considers torture as misdemeanor of human rights and is unacceptable to the unify Nations article 5. Torture and ill treatments argon considered to be immoral by the international legal prohibitions.Torture is ordinarily and unintended discomfort for example, it is torture to be stuck in traffic jam for five hours. The paradox o torture is used where the methods used to inflict pain and humiliations atomic number 18 similar. For example, in games, players endure torturous discipline. This is also true with genitorture which is used in virtual parody because the real things confirm medical risks that are unacceptable. (Miller, 2006).Doctrine of double Effect With Respect To TortureIn doctrine of double effect, we encounter difference of opinions of right whereby there is right for a person not to be anguished and right to manner and to be secure. The rights set limit to calculations of utilitarian override benefits of utilitarian still the rights themselves can conflict. Question arises as to whether there are both(prenominal) rights which are more basic compared to others, because of macrocosm more important to human life. Perhaps, right to liberty is taken to be more important than right to situation and right to life more important than right to liberty. Right to life is the most basic right and is a precondition for existence of any other right.Some rights should never be overridden because they are basic. This can help in resolving possible conflicts. in that location is a contrast in killing an poverty-stricken person with the killing of mortal in self defense. If someone panicens my life, he has already forfeited his right to life, if I can defend my own life by killing him, then I can do so. Therefore, if there is absolute right to life for an innocent person, it is wrong to kill him except in self defense.If a driver has five quite a little working on his right hand track, and one person on the left hand hand track. If a tram is steered on left hand track, it would kill one person and if nothing is done, tram provide kill five people. The question is as to whether he should steer on the left hand track and kill one person in order to save five people on the left hand track. The doctrine of double effect does not say it is okay to people who are innocent if you dont intend it. It says that, it is right to do an action that will to unintended death of people who are innocent as the only way of preventing worse evil from happening. This means there is conflict between negative duty and negative duty, in this case, it is right to kill fewer than many.(Miller, 2006) argues that, there exists a moral difference between killing someone and allowing him to die. Some doctors can perform involuntary euthanasia in order to provide organ transplant. The overall benefit produced may be the greatest only when the doctors can not just do that to people. Negative duties always correspond to negative right. For example right not to be killed. Positive ideas correspond to collateral rights. For example right to give aid to save someones life. Duties that are negative are stricter than positive duties. For example, it is our duty to prevent deaths further it is not strict like duty not to kill. Failing to help people who are starving is bad barely it is worse if you give them poisoned food.The terrorists announce that, they will use weapons to kill a city unless a young attorney who is politically active kills his mother. The gang has already wrap uped several people and their threat is credible. The question is as to whether the lawyer is supposed to torture his mother up to death for him to prevent the terrorist attack. gibe to doctrine of double effect, if the lawyer does not torture his mother to death, he is not responsible for the writ of executioned people because, terrori sts are the ones responsible. The lawyer should not torture his mother to death because this will encourage the terrorists to prepare similar threats later.What Is Wrong With TortureTorture inflicts pain that is unspeakable into the body of fellow human being who is at our mercy. A person who is rack is preoccupied and bound. The person who is torturing stands before the person to be tortured with instruments. The question of unilateral disarmament is not there because the victim has no arms, even no use of two arms he was born with.Torture results to inequality because killing and abusing a person is as radical and denial of humanity. Torture is widespread, rationalized and canonical in memorandum that is long and is written by people who serve in high government authorities. It is easy to ratify this record through voter turnout in order to confirm the chief authors in highest legal office in executive arm of government.Torture causes destruction to the soul and destroys body of the victim. There is boundary between humane treatment in prisons and the clear boundary is torture that exist between civilization and barbarism. Torture threatens the safety of someones family and inflicts suffering on the family in front of that person. Torture makes someone care for nothing other than the cessation of suffering. It breaks autonomy of someone by manipulating them in a manner that is dehumanizing.The cruel treatment is bad enough and is like slavery and lacks respect to someones humanity. Torture demoralizes someone and makes the tortured become loathsome to spear out what tormentors would like to hear. He will be willing to remove the pressure by saying anything. Torture makes it easy to extract a confession of guilt through being ruthless that makes the innocent give in quickly.The process of dehumanization quickly obliterates the distinction between falsity and truth. only what will matter is what stop the torture. Torture make people who are tortured des ire to end suffering, as a result, they can say anything and wherefore they can not be taken to be truthful. This is opinion of many observers who are involved in researchs.Torture results to flattering one another where senators showered severally other with compliments, senator Hatch said that senator specter who is new judiciary chairman is the best lawyer who has ever served in senate of join States. This was agreed upon by Senator Biden who called Senator Specter, the finest lawyer of constitution in the country. This was laughter because it is not in the country but in the senate.Torture hurts the image of United States to the whole world according to Senator Lindsey Graham. When United States wins the hearts and minds of the Arab world, this will be important for them to succeed in the world of terror. There are photographs that hurt their efforts. Gonzales refused every opportunity for repudiating the policies that brought about torture, it was agreed that, the person wh o was responsible for harming United States image is Abu Ghraib. This means that torture is unacceptable. (Miller, 2006).Dynamics of Tortureharmonize to unite nation convention against torture, when people imagine torture, what they imagine is they being the victim. Perpetrator is seen as a sadist, diabolical in manner, someone inhuman, most likely male, foreign in accent and uncivilized. Yet the obtainable evidence shows that, most of the torturers are normal people. We could be barbarians of our dreams as easy as we become victim. Many perpetrators take torture as a job and nothing more.In notorious case of police brutality, a prisoner was burned with a radiator and a cigarette he then suffocated after the plastic bag was piece over his head by police officers. His fingers, nose, ears and genitals were electro shocked. Goldstone argues that, the described type of abuse was not in any way limited to the usual beatings but went to esoteric areas such as planned torture and psycho logical techniques. Other members in the command were aware of systematic abuse and they actively participated in the similar or failed to put that action to an end.In torture of the republican sympathizers, Ordinary people become torturers and feel that society condone and protect the abuse and complete who the victims are how their response to torture is and how citizens are bystanders who have the knowledge of what is happening and can never act. In totalitarian states, the appearance of torture in United States is thought to be free from that kind of thing. Many people want various places to be visited that are known to use torture many people think torture is done in some backward civilization by ignorant and barely human people. But torture is something that everyone is capable of doing. heterogeneous perception of torture gives room for moments of identification with perpetrators and does not loose sight of moral center.There are two separate incidents of Israel raids into Palestine and questioning of the murder suspect in Chicago. Credible details were examined by policemen and torture was acknowledged as being necessary by the authority and was carried out methodically by policemen and soldiers. The torturers said that, extraordinary evil becomes an act which is casual to the torture when combination of personal frustrations and official duties are executed.Any person can become torturer if he has the right opportunity, most torturers are bewildered by what has been done and their reluctance to accept amply personal responsibility and how those seem to realize futility and inhumanity of the acts they have done. The important thing about unspeakable acts ordinary people is not in the unspeakable nature of neither act nor people ordinariness but the way people admit the torture fails to produce desired effects. The fact of torture being done and will continue to be performed despite available reasons is an argument which is very powerful. (Conroy, 2001)Torture for a Political PurposeTorture is used for political reasons, it is enforced through the policy of state and means of law administers it. It raises problems to people in the whole world and gives and indication of new responsibility. It is part of long struggle of mankind out of the shape of civilization that gives permission to full flowering of human rights. The state uses its powers to torture through the capacity it has to incarcerate and its monopoly on force. There are long campaigns of agitation that produce restraints which curtail them eventually. (Levinsion, 2004).The torture of prisoners under saddam Hussein was widespread and ended in death. This is also true with dozens of other regimes all over the world because torture is torture. It puts changeless scars in the victim even if reasonable marks are not seen in the body and other scars are left in the lives of those who perform it and those who allowed and back up it and these scars last for a long clipp ing.In Zimbabwe, independent journalists work under severe restrictions on whatever they report those who criticized Mugabe in their article or stop the government are subject to seize, imprisonment and are unofficially subject to torture. Every time a story is written, a journalist is likely to be arrested according to the words he used. Those words that do not please the government are not taken lightly and can result to arrest of the journalist.The European said, pressure against Mugabe would be increased if elections were stolen but have not done so because, there is a feeling that Zimbabwe crisis goes beyond responding to the diplomatic pressure. The united nation seems to be blind to the crisis, Security Council and human rights spoken and acted out against Mugabes tyranny. After Reeler requested human rights commission to help, they noted there were more killings in Gaza than Zimbabwe.Torture is used in punishment of prisoners. Prisoners in the United States are routinely t reated as animals, they are brutalized and degraded. There are very few Americans who have raised their voices in the opposition to the shameful prison policies due to the inmates being viewed as being less than human. Torture is a vile and the dignity and right of individual is depraved, it is crime against humanity with no possible justification due to need to obtain information from a terrorist or a prisoner. It is sad because, in such instances, torture is inexcusable and overshadowed by due to the fact that it is regarded a punishment. (Miller, 2006)Social Context and Ethics of TortureAccording to the United Nations convention against torture, prisoner abuse and other institutional violence blame a few isolated individuals. Social psychology put vehemence on the social contexts, which can make anyone confront, oppress and obey in abetting social behavior that is destructive. Meta analysis demonstrates quantitative reliability and imports of social context. The recent entropy indicates that the reaction to low status and oppositional out-group involves contempt, disgust and consistent with abuse. Together, social prejudices and social pressures are helpful in explaining recent scandals of abuse.Torture is never justifiable because, it depends on the context. A direct target of command of an opponent and control center with smart bomb with intention of killing is justifiable in combat. Even when you snap an enemy, it is also justifiable in combat and nobody will have an argument that, when you kill somebody somehow, it causes less permanent damage than electrocution. However, in the torture of prisoners, they are in unique position and are not able to fight back.There are rules of protecting combatants so that they can allow willingly. If an enemy can kill you or torture you if you surrender, you can fight to the last minute which cause loss of life. However, if intelligence indicates that major attacks averted by successful query and holding back of information by prisoners can cause loss of life, then torture of last resort may be justified but not in a legal manner.It is unethical to take an action which is aggressive against a person with action that can result to loss of life. ordered government function is to protect the people from violence and force, if government consigns its people to death by protecting people who initiate violence, the government is failing in its responsibilities. We seek to offer protection to people who are innocent and protect their freedom. Sharia law tries to take our freedom away and enemies should not be allowed to achieve their goals.When we are not dealt with rationally, we can deal aggressively with initiators of war against us as the only moral response. Never initiate force but be against those who do and show them the true meaning of their violence. It is unethical if defenders shirk their duties to people through pulling punches with the people who would enslave and at the same time m urder us. As we conduct ourselves in war on terror, we should always remember the meaning of true victory for the enemy. (Levinsion, 2004).Does Torture Work?Proponents insist that, it does while opponents say it doesnt. The truth is somewhere between that it would give rise to key information in some cases, but it would be harmful in others. If a harsher interrogation yields valuable intelligence, the benefit must be weighed against enormous strategic cost. If reliability of a given argument is a wash, meaning no side will win, torture may or may not work as intended. The question that arises is the exact method that is used to extract information from suspects of terrorism and whether it is considered morally acceptable. Building trust is recommended method if there is enough time to build it.According to high court of justice in Israel, it was ruled that torture is criminal in spite of it being immediate threat to terrorist attack. If torture is used as last resort in order to sa ve lives of enormous members, it should be done in the open it should have accountability and be approved by Supreme Court of justice. Once torture is committed, the person should plead flagitious to criminal charges. If there is a situation that is grave enough to give warrant resort to torture, it should be enough to loose job and go to jail.According to Palestinians detainees, there exists significant difference between abuse and methods used by Israel interrogators. In Israel they have rules and sophisticated techniques of breaking down prisoners. Prisoners are done lots more than beatings. This is by going without food and sleep for three days which make them become eager to say anything. In social contract, an individual would surrender his liberty to exchange for protection but United States does not believe in that. Therefore, social contract is an agreement between government and people. (Miller, 2006).Are There Moral Justifications For Torture?Historically, psychologicall y and physically, torture is being used to suppress dissents, extract confession, force denunciation of other people, humiliate, punish and gather information. Torturers claim state of necessity. Other claim to get significant information that is wherefore they justify torture. They emphasize on significance of information they gain than the torture itself. Torture is taken to be an evil that is necessary in fighting battle against greater evil. There exists information that is of moral significance and can only be discovered through torture.Torture is justified by state of necessity. The ticking time-bomb gives a crude utilitarian justification as to the use of torture. One man is tortured to save many innocent people. This serves as the basic claim of absolute prohibitionist. If one man can provide information about the timing of bombing, why not torture him in order to uncover information that is morally significant and of priority. If the information today justifies torture, there must be trained torturers and trainers and administrative and legal apparatus.Many professional say that there are better methods of obtaining actionable intelligence than by use of torture even if it is conducted under time constraints. When justifying morally significant information, it demands prior knowledge as to whether torture victim has information. Information must be actionable and avoid serious, imminent threat. For one to justify information using torture, the information must be previously unknown. It may not be meaningful information until someone has tortured, gotten the information and verified it for it to be meaningful.Should Torture Ever Be Justified?Failure to use interrogational torture is immoral and coldhearted. It is coldhearted because, in cases of true catastrophe, the failure to use preventive dubiousness torture can lead to death of people who are innocent. When rights of suspects are upheld, it negates the rights and even the right to life of inno cent people. Refusal to use torture is hypocritical curiously when we are faced with serious threats to the life of Nation. Measures which are necessary in order to abate crisis should be taken. An uncompromising prohibition of torture may result to unrealistic standards that no one can wish to meet when in circumstances that are extremely exigent. (Miller, 2006)REFERENCESMiller S. (2006) Torture, Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy Stanford university.Levinson S. (2004) ethics and political sympathies of torture Oxford University press.Conroy J. (2001) the dynamics of torture university of California press.RL 32276, the UN convention against torture CRS report.

Easter Island’s End

2013-04-16 ENGL 102 Essay 1 Longer summery In the article, east wind Is enters End by Jared Diamond, he states that the overpopulation and over victimisation the natural resources can regard and destroy our environment. easter Island can be used as a warning that cultural and environmental dangers exist due to overexploitation. Although, civilizations sacrifice vanished from the island it still has a remaining mystery and history to its untouched landscape. Easter Island was formed pop out of an ancient volcanic eruption the island is only sixty-four square miles with habitable land and subtropical weather that makes the soil fertile.Easter Island is famous for its tight-lipped statues that stand across the island, which were erected by the native Rapa Nui the great unwashed. These are ancient wonders of the world that are still being examine to get a full understanding of how and why these statues were created. From written history, the explorers first impression of the island was that it has nothing but a sand island, thither were nothing left on the island except for hundreds of the Rapa Nui statues. According to Diamond, the climate and location of the Easter Island should create abundance of trees, soils and other natural resources.Many questions have arisen to Easter Islands current existence. After many years of research, scientists and sociologists have come to a conclusion that the natural resources of the island were used by the islanders to survive their daily life, they cut pull down woods to transport those Rapa Nui statues and build canoes in order to find food. As time goes by, the population of Easter Island increased rapidly, and these islanders flummoxed to utilize all the natural resources abusively until the last tree was cut down.With todays rising population around the world, we have been exhausting our hold natural resources, if we do not hornswoggle to conserve all the limited natural resources, we give have nothing left for o ur future generations. Longer summery reflection I was very interest in the Easter Island topic when I first saw the title of the article. I have always seen pictures of the statues on Easter Island and wanted to visit thither someday. I thought this would be good information to know about, so I scribbleed to demo the article Easter Islands End by Jared Diamond.After I finished reading it the first time, I think I understood just about of the article. But I still didnt understand how the islanders collapsed the Easter Island. So I went on google and did some research. I embed a Ted talk by Jared Diamond about how human collapsed the natural and civilization. After watching the video, it helped me a lot in understanding how human are slowly destroying our own planet, similar to what happened on Easter Island. After viewing the video, I went back to read the article again, and triggered to write down notes.I divided my long summery into five sections, the first section consistin g of the main idea of the article, over population and over using the natural resources lead Easter Island to an end. The second section is about the history of Easter Island, and what was on the island before it was destroyed. The third section is about the condition of Easter Island after it was destroyed. The fourth section is the conclusion of the summery, we can see that Easter Island is the miniature magnetic declination of our earth, if we applyt stop over using our limited natural resources, our earth will end up like Easter Island. Shorter SummeryIn the article, Easter Islands End by Jared Diamond, he states that the overpopulation and overusing the natural resources can motivate and destroy our environment. Easter Island can be used as a warning that cultural and environmental dangers exist due to overexploitation of natural resources. The local anaesthetic inhabitants of Easter Island over-utilized the islands natural resources to the point of a complete extinction of those very resources that were sustaining them. Easter Island can be thought of as a small home model of the earth, and what could hypothetically happen if we do not exercise natural resource sustainability and management.Shorter summery reflection I found that writing a brusque summery is much harder than writing a longer summery, especially on keeping it under 100 words. At the beginning, I didnt know how to start with the shorter summery, but I thought a good way to do it is to condense my longer summery and make it into 100 words. So I start with filtering out the least important information from the longer summery. First thing I took out was the history and introduction of Easter Island. Then I filtered out the information about the colossal statues. Finally, I deleted the example of how they waste the natural resources.After I have the edited version of the summery, I read it again, and thought that the most important part is the authors thesis, which is he states that the overpopulation and overusing the natural resources can affect and destroy our environment. So I decided to keep the same sentence. In the article, the author clearly illustrate that the cause of the expiration of the Easter Island is because of the islanders didnt use their resources wisely. He wants to warn us that the Easter Island is a lesson for us and if we dont want to end up like the islanders, we should stop abusing our limited natural resources.I expanded the information what I think I have learn from the article, and then make them into a academic form. This is how I put my shorter summery together. Critique and essay In Easter Islands End, published by Discover Magazine in 1995, written by Jared Diamond, a professor of geography and physiology at UCLA, has shown us the beginning till the end of the former heaven, the Easter Island. In the article, Diamond illustrates that overpopulating and overusing natural resources will direct in destroying our natural environment . Easter Island is located in the southeastern Pacific Ocean.When the European explorers reached the island in 1722 they found a desolate landscape with less than 2,000 people existing there. They noticed that the islanders lived in caves and had a very limited supply of food. And they also found these gigantic statues that were carved out of stone. Those were evidence which proves that refined civilization once existed in Easter Island. Because of the unique location of the Easter Island, it has very good climate that creates abundance of natural resources. In theory, this combination of blessings should have made Easter a miniature paradise, remote from problems that beset the rest of the world. (165) However, when explorers discovered Easter Island, it was a on the whole opposite of the paradise. It makes us wonder what happened in this Island. The first hypothesis the researchers considered was the forest was lost because of climate change, but evidence quickly pointed to the h ypothesis that the people had gradually destroyed their own island. Researchers predicted that the trees provided wood, building material for houses and canoes, fruit to eat, fiber for clothing. Most importantly, lots of woods were used as the first resource to execute the stone statues.These statues are 33 feet tall, and weighed up to 99 tons. Some of them are very far from where they were constructed in the quarries to the coastal sites where they were positioned. With the trees slowly been cutting down, rain would have eroded the soil away. Population raised rapidly over generations, people started to unmanageably use the limited natural resources on the overpopulated island. As a result the islanders turned against one another because of the shortage of food. Gradually trees become fewer, smaller, and less important.By the time the last fruit-bearing adult palm tree was cut, palms had long since ceased to be of stinting significance. (173)The life of paradise Easter Island has come to an end. In the article, Diamond has point out that we can consider our planet as a large version of the Easter Island. We have a potentially non-sustainable eco system. If we look at our progression over the last 300 years that we have inhabited North America, we will notice that we have removed many natural resources. Such as Trees in the Northwest, plains in the Midwest, the marshes of Florida, all of which have been devastated by humans in the outgoing centuries.Our great grandparents did not notice the destruction, nor will I ever be able to actually notice some of it myself. We must learn from the lesson of the Easter Island and start to use our natural resources wisely. If we dont preserve our environment by recycling, saving trees, and protecting land, we will be forced to face the same ending as the islanders. Natural resources are important and limited, if we dont protect them, the nature will pay back to us and there will be nothing left for our future generation. Citation Diamond, Jared. Easter Islands End. Science and Society (2007) 164-74. Print.

Titration Curve of Amino Acids

tion Experiment 1 Titration curves of amino group blisterings General structure of amino virulents (amphoteric type) Zwitter ion C * ? carbon ? amino acid NH2 ? amino group, basic (proton acceptor) COOH ? carboxyl group, acidic (proton donor) R side chain of amino acid Classification of amino acids depending on the nature of side chain * Neutral * canonical amino acid with extra amino group (NH2) in its side chain ( histidine, arginine, lysine ) * Acidic amino acid with extra carboxylic acid group (COOH) in its side chain (aspartic acid & glutamic acid) * With phenol group in its side chain (Tyrosine) * With sulfide group in its side chain (Cysteine) Isoelectric point (pI) It is the pH at which the net charge on the molecule in solution is zero (Zwitter ion). Zwitter ion will not migrate in electric field, it is electrically neutral. pI is the average of the closest values of pKas. The pI for the acidic amino acids is the average of pKa1 and pKa2, while the pI for basi c amino acids is the average of pKa2 and pKa3 pKa range for ? COOH ( 1. 71 2. 63 ) pKa range for ? NH3+ ( 8. 8 10. 78 ) Acidity of neutral amino acid ? COOH ? NH3+ For weak acids Henderson Hasslbalch equation pH = pKa + log A- HA When A- = HA pH = pKa Acid- base titration An experiment in which a measured amount of base ( or acid) are added to a measured amount of acid ( or base) to calculate something unknown such as molarity, pH.. etc.Equivalence point The point at which an acid is exactly neutralized with a base. Inflection point The point in an acid- base titration at which 0. 5 mole of base has been added to one mole of acid to achieve A- = HA and then pKa = pH Example Inflection points 0. 5 1 1. 5 2 * Alanine is an type on neutral amino acid which has 2 acidic protons (diprotic acids ) ? COOH and ? NH3+ , these neutral amino acids have two titration curves.Net charge +1 0 -1 Zwitter ion Titration curve of Alanine * aspartic acid is an example on acidic amin o acid which has 3 acidic protons (triprotic acids ) ? COOH, ? NH3+ and R- COOH. Acidic amino acids have three titration curves. Acidity of acidic amino acid ? COOH R- COOH ? NH3+ Net charge +1 0 -1 -2 Zwitter ionTitration curve of aspartic amino acid * Lysine is an example on basic amino acid which has 3 basic protons (triprotic acids ) ? COOH, ? NH3+ and R- NH3+. Basic amino acids have also three titration curves. Acidity of basic amino acid ? COOH ? NH3+ R- NH3+ Net charge +2 +1 0 -1 Zwitter ion Tiration curve of Lysine order at low pH 1 1. 3 amino acid is fully protonated.

Cyber Bullying Essay

CyberbullyingBullying over the internet through social media site like Facebook and cheep as well as text messaging and online gaming is becoming a larger and larger problem. Every year it gets easier to connect to others around the sphere and with that is an increase in harassment, threats and cyberstalking. Each state has their own laws to try and curb the problem, but Arizona is trying to pass laws making it a class 1 misdemeanor which includes fines and/or jail time.About 5,000 teens commit suicide every year, for all sorts of reasons and a growing number of it is from online bullying from classmates, neighbors or people that they occupy never even met before. It is non limited to children or teens, adults are affected by bullying as well at work or on forums and journals and even by what their child is going through. According to the Cyberbullying Research Center Approximately 20% of the students report experiencing cyberbullying in their lifetimes, and Adolescent girls are significantly more likely to have experienced cyberbullying in their lifetimes (25.8% vs. 16%). Also according to the web site Puresight.com Middle-school victims of cyberbulllying are more apt to commit suicide. The AP-MTV survey strand that 8% of cyberbulllying victims and 12% of sexting victims have considered ending their own life compared to 3% of people who have not been bullied and were not involved in sexting.Arizona is winning one of the biggest steps to try and prevent such bullying by passing a new bill outlawing it. Right now the bill would firmness of purpose in a misdemeanor charge that carries a maximum $2,500 fine and six months in jail for anybody who uses a computer, smartphone or similar device to air a message to terrify, intimidate, threaten, harass, annoy or offend.(FoxNews) The bill is being met with criticism by opponents saying that it violates the 1st Amendment for Free speech and is worded in such a way that it leaves the bill open for interpretation and does not spell out what would be considered offensive.The idea is there, and it is time that this type of bullying is taken moreseriously. It is not kids being kids anymore or a rite of passage. Once these comments and photos reach the internet they are there to stay and have a more unrelenting affect than the wait until next Monday and it will be forgotten thought the parents grew up with.

Renal Compensation Acid Base Balance Health And Social Care Essay

IntroductionAcid-base balance in the human constitutive(a) complex body part refers to the jurisprudence of the free H ions present in the fundamental twist fluids 1 . This balance is important to the continuance of life as it influences many an(prenominal) different frames and mechanisms in the organic structure. The mean pH of the tune when exclusively the homeostatic controls be working efficaciously is 7.4. The pH of normal arterial blood is really 7.45 whereas the pH of normal venous blood is 7.35. This difference nookie be accounted for by the fact that when carbonic acid gas is picked up by tissue paper capillaries, this leads to the coevals of H2CO3. This in bend generates H+ doing the blood more than acidic 1 . It is partially due to the actions of the kidneys which helps maintain the blood in spite of appearance theses rigorous move.All reactions affecting enzymes testament necessitate that the pH of organic structure fluids remains within a narrow scope . The ply of the kidneys in glide bying this homeostasis is of import, but is seen as the 3rd defense mechanism , the first organism the usage of chemical buffers in the organic structure and the 2nd creation changes made in take a breathing which changes the pCO2 ( partial force per unit area of C dioxide ) and and so the concentration of H ions in organic structure fluids 2 . In this study, I will depict the changes that the kidneys make in seeking to modulate this balance, how the material body of the kidney maps to drive these mechanisms and the rejoinder of the kidneys when the organic structure experiences acidosis of alkalosis.Besides as portion of my study, I will discourse the effects that a blue protein, low wampum aliment has on the acid-base balance of the organic structure, how this is later corrected utilizing nephritic homeostatic mechanisms, the possible nephritic pathology that understructure happen as a core, and the consequence this will suckle on nephritic compensation of acid-base balance thenceforth.Important anatomy of the kidneyThe kidneys are the variety meats which are chiefly responsible for the production of urine, before it passes through with(predicate) the ureters to the urinary vesica in the pelvic girdle 3 . The kidneys are located within the right and left wing and situated retroperitoneally to the spinal column, in the midst of the spinal degrees of T12 to T13 4 . The kidneys are about 11-14cm lengthwise and the kidney situated on the left side is ensnare to be more inferior. The kidney consists of uriniferous tubule fractional monetary units, of which on that point are around 1million present 4 . But it is the internal make outions of the kidney which are of most involvement in relation to the care of acid-base balance peculiarly the function of the proximal tubule, type A and B intercalated tube-shaped cells found in the distal and connecting tubules, and the peritubular capillaries. Figure 1 below is a diagram which depicts the cross-section of a kidney and the functional anatomy. 5 Blood is supplied to the kidneys through the nephritic arterias, which branch straight from the abdominal aorta. Branching occurs once more one time within the kidney. hotshot group of these sub-branches are the interlobular arterias. These run through the nephritic cerebral mantle and subdivision once more to organize the sensory nerve glomerular arteriolas which supplies oxygenated blood to the glomerular capillary vessel bed and at any rate, the motor nerve glomerular atrerioles. Within the nephritic cerebral mantle, some of these motorial glomerular arteriolas form the nett of peritubular capillaries 4 . These capillaries can either have secreted ions from the intercalated cells, or they can pump ions into the nephritic cannular lms, from where they will be transferred into the urine 4 .Figure 2 below shows a simplified diagram of the uriniferous tubule, nevertheless efficaciousl y describes the chemical exchanges which take topographic point. 6 Intercalated cellsIntercalated cannular cells are found in the epithelial tissue of the collection and distal tubules, along with chief cells. The cells found in these tubules, along with all other nephritic tubules are cubelike epithelial ( one voidance is the lms of the thin limb of the cringle of henle where the cells are level ) . But it is wholely the intercalated cells involved in keeping acid-base balance. The intercalated cells can nevertheless be classified farther, into eccentric A and Type B. We are able to make this due the fact that these cells have different transporter proteins 7 .Type A intercalated cells These cells are more vigorous than type B and act in lodge to interdict a province of acidosis. This is done by 1 ) secernment of free H+ 2 ) resorption of HCO-3 3 ) Resorption of K+ 1 .Hydrogen ions are secreted from these cells via an H+/ATPase transporter, a proton pump, which active ly secretes them. The Reabsorbtion of K+ ions occurs along side this procedure. It should too be noted that the presence of aldosterone, which elevates the activity of the H+ -ATPase pump, affixs the rate of H+ secernment. 4 Type B intercalated cells These cells act in order to forestall a province alkalosis. This is done bySecretion of HCO-3 2 ) resorption of free H+ 3 ) secernment K+ . 1 Alternatively of the proton pump, these cells contain an H+-ATPase pump. This complex actively transports H+ ions back into the peritubular capillary from the nephritic cannular lms. But the most of import map of these cells is the secernment of HCO3- ions from the peritubular capillary into the nephritic cannular lms for elimination. This occurs in the apical membrane of the cell, where the HCO3- ions are exchanged across the membrane. The transporter through which HCO3- ions are exchanged is non the same as the pump that is utilised in type A intercalated cells.These cells work in sync in o rder to keep the right balance.Proximal tubuleThe cells found in this tubule are besides cubelike epithelial cells, nevertheless, these cells differ from the cells found in the nephritic tubules as they have a brush boundary line of microvilli 4 . This provides a larger entire surface country for the transportation of substances across the cell membranes. Many chondriosomes are besides seen in these cells histologically, in order to supply energy for procedures affecting active conveyance 7 . Physiologically, the proximal tubule has two chief functions. First, to resorb from the glomerulus any total heat change ions which have been filtered. The proximal tubule is the chief site of bicarbonate resorption, with 85-90 % of the filtered henry carbonate being reabsorbed here. Second, it is the primary site of ammonia production. The huge bulk of this production is done within the proximal tubule 8 .Both of these mechanisms will be discussed in more item in the undermentioned ch apters.Nephritic mechanisms of acid-base balanceThe excess nephritic homeostatic mechanisms of acid-base ordinance consist of the pneumonic ordinance of pCO2 and buffer systems found in the blood and intracellularly. Interaction does take topographic point between these mechanisms and the action that the kidneys take in keeping acid-base balance 9 . There are third factors which are regulated by the kidneys refering acid-base balanceH+ eliminationHCO-3 eliminationNH3 secernmentIt should be noted that these factors are interrelated and there is no isolation when it comes to keeping their degrees in the plasma 1 . The purpose of the kidneys is to keep the physiological acid-base ratio of 120. This being the ratio between CO2 ( which becomes H2CO3 when dissolved in the plasma ) and HCO-3. Although the three factors mentioned above are physically changed, it is the concentration of HCO-3 which is ever altered during each mechanism, doing it the common denominator that influences plasma acid-base balance 10 . In a instance of acidosis or nearing acidosis, the buffers can merely make so much to battle the alteration in pH. The anatomy of the kidney involved in releasing H+ s into the earn, in order to be ejected from the organic structure are the proximal, distal and roll uping tubules 1 . The anatomy of which is described above. These H ions are derived from CO2 found in one of three topographic points the plasma, the cannular fluid or from the intercalated tubular cells where it is synthesised due to metabolic procedures 1 .Bicarbonate ions are besides synthesised in the cannular cells from CO2 and H2O, and this reaction is catalysed by the enzyme carbonaceous anhydrase. But the kidney has two functions with respect to bicarbonate ions it is involved in the resorption of filtered hydrogen carbonate ions and the elimination of hydrogen carbonate that has been synthesised from its constituents.The site of this resorption within the kidney is found ch iefly in the proximal tubule, but there is grounds of this taking topographic point at the distal and convoluting tubule and thick go uping limb of the henle 11 . At the nephritic atoms, Bicarbonate ions are easy filtered. But in order to forestall organic structure fluids from going greatly acidic, most of these ions must be reabsorbed 12 . This is the destiny of the huge bulk of these ions, with merely around 0.1 % being lost in the urine 9 . However as mentioned, the creative activity of new hydrogen carbonate ions occurs within the cannular cells of the kidney. This procedure takes topographic point each clip there is 1 ) secernment of ammonium ion and 2 ) the elimination of acid. From the cannular cells, the hydrogen carbonate ions are absorbed into the peritubular lms. 13 Ammonium secernment is a utile manner in which the kidney can egest more H ions, as it does non affect the demand for organic buffers. The ammonium that is utilized is derived from the dislocation of protein. However as ammonium is toxic even at comparatively low degrees, in the liver, the ammonium ion is bound to a hydrogen carbonate ion in the signifier of either Urea or Glutamine. Once the glutamine is passed onto the proximal tubules in the kidney, the ammonium ion is released, ready for usage 9 . The demand for this ammonium is due to the fact that the kidneys can non overload the piss with H ions because the urine pH can non be decreased lower so 4.5. The ammonia Acts of the Apostless as a secondary buffer in this sense, along with a phosphate buffer, which is besides present in the cannular fluid 1 .The purpose of these mechanisms is to forestall the oncoming of acidosis or alkalosis. Acidosis and alkalosis can be classified, depending on which factor have been changed and the cause of this alteration. If the first alteration was in pCO2, either an admission or a lessening, the status will be known as either respiratory acidosis or alkalosis. Whereas if it is a alte ration in hydrogen carbonate or H concentration, this will either be metabolic acidosis or alkalosis 14 The physiological effects of the pH of organic structure fluids rolling outwith the rigorous physiological bounds can hold body-wide systemic effects. For illustration fluctuations in the concentration of H ions can change the irritability of certain nerve cells. It besides can hold effects on enzyme activity and K+ degrees in the organic structure fluids 1 .Nephritic compensation of the systemic effects on acid-base balance, caused by a high protein, low boodle diet.This diet has come into the public oculus as a manner of twist downing one s organic structure slant, whilst still being able to bask nutrients that would usually be seen as inappropriate if one was on a diet. The construct behind the thought is the remotion of simple saccharides from the diet, and replacing them with high animate being protein nutrient ( e.g sausage and bacon ) 15 . It has been noted that th e immediate alteration to this diet consequences in immediate weight prejudice. There is an lift in the rate of micturition, doing more Na to be lost, upsetting the balance of Na being taken in and Na being excreted. But the weight that is lost is due to H2O loss, non fat loss. The physiological response of aldosterone production brings the sodium/water balance back to normal 16 . In the longer term, the degree of saccharide consumed is reduced to the point where, if there was a farther decrease in the ingestion of saccharides, a province of ketosis would follow. In a survey carried out by Reddy et Al. suggests that a decrease in carbohydrate expending along with a high protein diet will ensue in uncomplete oxidization of fat and attendant ketoanion production 17 . The premiss behind this method of weight loss is that by cut downing the degree of saccharide available to the organic structure, fat will be oxidised in the liver to supply energy. In this state of affairs, it i s the ketone organic structures produced by this oxidization of fatty acids that become the chief energy blood line 18 .Protein and carbohydrate metamorphosisAfter protein has been metabolised by the liver, Urea is later produced. The optimal status for carbamide elimination is when there are low degrees of ADH in the plasma, forestalling most of the resorption of urea by the collection tubules 9 . Dietary proteins which are ingested are broken down in the tummy by endo- and exopeptidases. The component amino acids are separated from one another by the dislocation of the peptide bonds. The amino acids are so taken up by enterocytes in the short bowel and transported to the blood stream 4 .The metamorphosis of sulphur-containing amino acids leads to the formation and construct up of ions which have an consequence on acid-base balance ( Cl, P, SO4 ) 20 . The ground that sulphur incorporating amino acids lead to an increased acid burden is that the oxidization of siemens to sulphate green goodss protons. Therefore, an addition in protein intake consequences in an addition in the acid burden in the kidneys, due to the oxidization in the liver of aminic acids incorporating sulfur.The organic structure ab initio responds with an addition in the net acid elimination, a lessening in the degree of bicarbonate ions excreted and an addition in GFR ( Glomerular filtration rate ) which later leads to an addition in ammonium elimination. The GFR is thought to increase due to a primary addition in nephritic capillary permeableness 19 . This is a reaction to an addition in the degrees of N, due to amino acerb dislocation. However this mechanism is non plenty and as a consequence, blood urea N degrees addition. As the GFR additions, more energy is required by the kidney in order to go on to work efficaciously. In the kidney, the energy beginning is the amino acerb glutamine. The rate of its metamorphosis is increased, ensuing in an addition in the degree of ammoni um hydroxide ( NH3 ) produced. As the acerb burden of the kidney and indeed figure of proton has increased, ammonium hydroxide, which has the ability to accept protons is released by cannular cells. The ammonia ions are oxidised to ammonium and extra protons are hence excreted in the piss in the signifier of ammonium. Increased degrees of acid and NH4+ are found in the piss, whereas the degree of bicarbonate ions beads expectedly. However, it should be noted that, as in response to any cause of increased nephritic acid burden, the cardinal stimulation for amminogenesis is the lessening in urinary pH. In some instances, the extent of ammonium elimination can do a ample urinary pH addition 20 .When saccharides are ingested as portion of the diet, the saccharides are usually found as polyoses. Starch and animal starch are normally obtained chiefly from works beginnings and meat severally. One of the other saccharides found in dietetic consumption, although less common, are the disa ccharides. These larger units are broken down during digestion into their constituents. This is chiefly glucose. As a simple sugar, this can be easy absorbed by the enterocytes in the little bowel 1 . The lessening in dietetic saccharides is instituted in order to do protein the primary beginning of energy, leting fatty acerb oxidization and ketone organic structure formation.Nephritic pathology as a consequence of a high protein, low saccharide dietAs has been discussed, an addition in the degree of dietetic protein ingested increases the acerb burden in the kidneys. This addition can take to different abnormalcies and pathologies happening within the kidneys. Ketosis is associated with a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet when there is drastic lowering of the saccharide consumption. As mentioned antecedently, ketone organic structures are produced upon oxidization of fatty acids. These build up in the blood watercourse. As the saccharide handiness has decreased, the organic str ucture becomes more and more dependent on fat shops as an energy supply, constructing up the degrees of ketone organic structures. This is seen as a plus point of the diet, as an increased figure of ketone organic structures leads to a loss of appetency. Ketosis has several complications which affect different systems in the organic structure. Some of which are desiccation, irregularity and a inclination to organize kidney rocks. More inauspicious affects accommodate lipemia, faulty neutrophil map, ocular neuropathy and osteoporosis. The mechanisms of which will be discussed in more item 21 .It has been suggested by Frassetto et Al. that due to a normal western diet, muckle are predisposed to a long-run, but low class acidosis. This is seen to be amplified in older people, where there is frequently a deterioration of kidney map and the kidney is futile to cover with an increased acid burden. This can frequently take to instances of metabolic acidosis. The underlying mechanism o f this induced status is the increasing inefficiency of acerb elimination by the kidneys, and a lessening in the resorption of filtered hydrogen carbonate 22 . In the survey conducted by Frassetto et Al. analyzing the production of endogenous carbonaceous acids and the degrees of K and protein ions the diet, it was found that there was a strong nexus between carnal protein uptake and nephritic net acid elimination. This was non nevertheless found with vegetable protein. This reinforces the fact it is the consumption of sulphur-containing amino acids which has a greater affect on nephritic acid burden. The figure of sulfur incorporating aminic acids in veggie is much more alter 22 .There are some surveies which suggest that a high-protein diet can be connected with chronic kidney disease, due to the strain placed upon the kidney by such as diet. The cause of which is cited as the kidney being overworked when covering with some of the by merchandises of protein metamorphosis, for illustration the addition in Urea elimination, and holding to get by with an increased GFR 23 . Chronic kidney disease can be defined as a state of affairs when the maps of the kidneys have been so reduced by a chronic disease procedure 24 . This may be seen as a consequence of the cumulative effects of a high-protein diet. However it should be noted that there is difference among different surveies as to the badness of such a disease and which symptoms would be present, if it were to happen.In chronic nephritic failure, the status can be exacerbated by a continued high-protein diet as this can take to increased keeping of certain ions, such as K or phosphate, which are released upon digestion of protein rich nutrients. If the patient besides has a instance of acidosis, this would decline a province of hyperkalaemia. The K found within cells is replaced with H ions, let go ofing more potassium ions into the organic structure fluids 24 . This is an illustration of how chroni c kidney disease can come on due to increased kidney emphasis, brought about by an increased acid burden associated with a high protein diet.Many surveies have now found a nexus between high-protein consumption and osteoporosis. The thought is centred on the fact that a high degree of protein in the diet leads to hypercalciuria, or high degrees of Ca in the piss. One of the beginnings of this Ca is from the soaking up of dietetic Ca in the bowel. However, this addition is non big plenty to propose that this is the ground for hypercalcinuria. It is believed that the beginning of this Ca is bone and hence as a consequence, there is a lessening in skeletal mass. One of the theories to explicate this provinces that, due to the increased acid burden that consequences, nephritic handling of this burden through amminogenesis is non plenty. Calcium arising from the frame of reference is released to be utilised as a buffer, before being excreted in the urine 21 . In the survey carried out by Frassetto et Al. in 2000 which looked at the hip break incidence ( HFI ) rate per 100,000 in heavy(p) females aged over 50 from states where per capita nutrient ingestion information was available, found that HFI in adult females over 50 is straight correlated with carnal protein ingestion 22 . It should be noted nevertheless that there are surveies which suggest that a low-protein diet leads to a loss of bone-density. A survey done by Hannan et Al. found that lower degrees of protein intake were associated with significantly higher rates of bone loss at the hip and spinal column 25 .Specific nephritic pathology can be associated with this diet. One illustration is the oncoming of renal lithiasis or the presence of kidney rocks 26 . As already mentioned, one of the side-effects of a high-protein diet is hypercalicuria. This is a hazard factor for renal lithiasis. Animal protein consumption is linked with other factors which besides increase the hazard. These include a lessening in the soaking up of base from the GI piece of land, taking to a lessening of citrate elimination in the piss. As with many jobs associated with a high-protein diet, low saccharide consumption merely worsens the state of affairs. A lower consumption of fruit and veggies reduces dietetic beginnings of base.DecisionThe kidneys and nephritic system are responsible for a broad assortment of maps impacting multiple systems around the organic structure. In relation to acid-base balance, although the kidneys act in concurrence with other mechanisms to keep acid-base homeostasis, they must be working usually in order withstand even infinitesimal alterations in organic structure fluid pH, caused by pathology or diet. Although the actions of the kidney in acid-base ordinance can be categorised depending on the how the concentration of three chief ions are changed, in order for the mechanisms affecting these to be fulfilled, many different but specific chemical reactions affecting many different countries of nephritic anatomy and biochemical substrates have to take topographic point. Physiological ordinance of acid-base balance can be greatly altered by an addition in dietetic protein intake, the effects of which are merely exacerbated by reduced saccharide consumption. Although the negative effects of such a diet were clear in all the diaries and text editions I have referenced, there is still elucidation involve as to the specific mechanisms of secondary pathology obtained after nephritic handling of this increased acid burden has diminished.

Al Gore’s Speeches

Al Gore Speaks on worldwide Warming and the Environment Beacon Theater, New York January 15, 2004, Noon Thank you, Carol, Joan and Peter. And thanks to all of you for coming here(predicate) today. lt was an honor to work with Carol Browner on environmental policies in the last arrangement and I am grateful for her leadership of Environment 2004. I trust to thank Peter for his leadership as Executive Director of MoveOn. org Civic Action and I appreciate all of those who have worked in the trenches with both of these organizations that atomic offspring 18 co-sponsoring todays speech.I want to say a extra word approximately Joan Blades, who traveled from California for this event and who, along with her husband, Wes Boyd, co-founded Moveon. org. She has been from the beginning a sorrowful force behind the emergence of this dynamic vernal grassroots movement in the Statesn politics and national policy. I have do a series of speeches approximately the policies of the provi de / Cheney Administration towards the major contests that confront our nation national security, scotch policy, civil liberties, and today the environment.For me, this issue is in a supererogatory category be labor of what I believe is at stake. I am particularly concerned because the immense majority of the most respected environmental scientists from all over the world have sounded a clear and urgent alarm. The international community including the united States began a massive effort several years ago to take on the most accurate scientific assessment of the growing evidence that the commonwealths environment is sustaining severe and potentially irreparable damage from the unprecedented assembly of pollution in the global atmosphere.In essence, these scientists ar telling the people of any nation that global melting caused by human activities is becoming a unspoiled threat to our common future. I am similarly troubled that the scrub/Cheney Administration does non seem to hear the warnings of the scientific community in the selfsame(prenominal) sort that most of us do. Here is what we ar talking about PICTURES 1 THROUGH 8 Even though the earth is of such vast size, the most vulnerable part of the global environment is the atmosphere because it is surprisingly thin as the late Carl Sagan used to say like a covering of varnish on a globe.PICTURES 9 THROUGH 12 I dont think there is any longer a believable basis for doubting that the earths atmosphere is heating up because of global warming. PICTURES 13 THROUGH 65 So the evidence is overwhelming and undeniable. Global Warming is real. It is happening already and the anticipated consequences be unacceptable. But it is meaning(a) to understand that this crisis is actually just a symptom of a deeper underlying cause PICTURES 66 THROUGH 126Yet in spite of the clear evidence available all around us, there are many who still do not believe that Global Warming is a problem at all. And its no wonder because they are the targets of a massive and well-organized campaign of disinformation lavishly funded by polluters who are determined to prevent any action to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions that cause global warming, out of a fear that their profits efficacy be affected if they had to stop dumping so much pollution into the atmosphere.And wealthy set-wing ideologues have joined with the most cynical and irresponsible companies in the oil, coal and mining industries to contri bute large sums of money to finance pseudo-scientific front groups that finicalize in sowing confusion in the publics mind about global warming. They issue one misleading report posteriorly another, pretending that there is significant disagreement in the legitimate scientific community in areas where there is actually a broad-based consensus.The techniques they use were pioneered years earlier by the tobacco fabrication in its long campaign to create uncertainty in the publics mind about the health risks caused by tobacco smoke. Indeed, some of the very(prenominal) same scientific camp-followers who took money from the tobacco companies during that effort are now taking money from coal and oil companies in return for their willingingness to say that global warming is not real. PICTURES 127 AND 128In a candid memo about policy-making strategy for Republican leaders, pollster Frank Luntz expressed concern that voters might punish candidates who supported more pollution, but offered advice on the key tactical maneuver for defusing the issue PICTURE 129 The Bush Administration has gone far beyond Luntz recommendations, however, and has explored new frontiers in cynicism by time and time again actually ap flooring the headland lobbyists and lawyers for the biggest polluters to be in charge of administering the laws that their clients are supercharged with violating.Some of these appointees have continued to work very closely with the outside pseudo-scientific fron t groups even though they are now on the public payroll. Two Attorneys General have now publicly accused officials in the Bush White House Council on Environmental Quality of conspiring with one of the outside groups to encourage the filing of a lawsuit as part of a shared strategy to undermine the hap of government action on Global Warming.Vice President Cheneys infamous Energy Task Force advised lobbyists for polluters early in the new administration that there would be no action by the Bush White House on Global Warming and accordingly asked for their help in pattern a totally meaningless voluntary program. One of the industry lobbyists who heard this pitch later made an unguarded speech to his peers about the experience and verbalize the following Let me move it to you in governmental terms. The President demandfully a fig leaf. Hes dismantling Kyoto, but hes out there on a limb. The White House has routinely gone out on a limb to involve large contributors representing companies charged with violating environmental laws and regulations in the drafting of new laws and regulations designed to let their clients off the hook. The story is the same when it comes to protecting the American people from pollution. The Bush administration trains special interests over the public interest, ignoring the scientific evidence in favor of policies its contributors demand. Consider Mercury, an extremely toxic pollutant causing severe cultivational and neurological defects in fetuses.We retire its principal unregulated source is coal-fired power plants. But the Bush Administration has gutted the protections of the Clean Air Act, revoking an earlier determination by the EPA that mercury emissions from power plants should be treated as hazardous business pollutants. Even Bushs own FDA issued warning about mercury in tuna. Are you all right with that the President saying that Mercury shouldnt be treated as a hazardous air pollutant? Consider toxic wastes. The S uperfund has gone from $3. 8 one thousand million to a shortfall of $175 million.The result is fewer cleanups, slower cleanups, and a toxic mess left for our children. Thats because the Bush administration has let its industry friends off the hook the tax these polluters used to pay to support the Superfund has been eliminated, so that you, me, and other taxpayers are left holding the bill. Are you all right with that the rural areas worst polluters getting off the hook while you and I pay? And consider the enforcement of environmental laws. For three years in a row, the Bush administration has sought to slash enforcement personnel levels at EPA.Offices were told to back off cases, leaving one veteran EPA servant to say, The rug was pulled out from under usYou look around and say, What contribution can I make here? Are you all right with that the EPA being stripped of its ability to protect our air and water? Ill tell you whos all right with that. A recent review of contributio ns to the Bush campaign from utility industry executives, lawyers and lobbyists showed that 15 individuals were Bush Pioneers those who raised at least $100,000 for the Bush campaign.Weve seen this radical change in our leafy vegetables too. Just ask the coalition of more than 100 retired career park service employees who wrote a letter saying that their mission to protect parks natural resources has been changed to focus on commercial and special-interest use of parks. These are not olive-sized shifts in policy they are radical changes that reverse a century of American policy designed to protect our natural resources. Heres what America used to be. Yellowstone Park was created in 1872, in part to preserve its forest, mineral and geothermal resources.Theodore Roosevelt in 1906 championed this philosophy, setting aside millions of acres of forest reserves, national monuments and wild action refuges. This equilibrate approach combining use of needed resources in the short term with conservation for future generations has been honored by Roosevelt on down the line, president after president until this one. In preparing this series of speeches, I have noticed a troubling pattern that characterizes the Bush/Cheney Administrations approach to almost all issues. In almost every policy area, the Administrations consistent goal has been to liminate any constraints on their exercise of raw power, whether by law, regulation, alliance or treaty and in the process they have in each case caused America to be seen by the other nations of the world as showing vainglory for the international community. In each case they devise their policies with as much secrecy as possible and in close cooperation with the most powerful special interests that have a monetary stake in what happens. In each case the public interest is not altogether ignored but actively undermined.In each case they devote considerable attention to a clever strategy of deception that appears designed to prevent the American people from discerning what it is they are actually doing. Indeed, they lots use Orwellian language to disguise their true purposes. For example, a policy that opens national forests to destructive logging of old- product trees is labeled The Healthy quality Initiative. A policy that vastly increases the amount of pollution that can be dumped into the air is called the Clear Skies Initiative. And in case after case, the policy adopted directly after the inauguration has been the exact opposite of what was pledged to the American people during the election campaign. The promise by candidate Bush to treat a minuscule foreign policy and avoid any semblance of nation building was transformed in the first days of the Bush presidency, into a frenzied forwardness for a war machine invasion of Iraq, complete with detailed plans for the remaking of that nation under American occupation.And in the same way, a solemn promise made to the country that carbon diox ide would be regulated as a polluting greenhouse gas was instantly transformed by the inauguration into a promise to the generators of carbonic acid gas that it would not be regulated at all. And a seemingly heartfelt declaration to the American people during the campaign that he genuinely believed that global warming is a real problem which must be addressed was replaced after the Inauguration by a dismissive expression of contempt for careful, peer-reviewed work by EPA scientists setting forth the plain facts on at global warming.These and other activities make it abundantly clear that the Bush White House represents a new departure in the history of the Presidency. He is so bore- location to accommodate his supporters and contributors that there seems to be very little that he is not willing to do for them at the expense of the public interest. To mention only one example, weve seen him work tirelessly to allow his friends to drill in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. Indeed, it seems at propagation as if the Bush-Cheney Administration is wholly owned by the coal, oil, utility and mining companies.While President Bush likes to project an image of strength and courage, the truth is that in the front man of his large financial contributors he is a moral coward so weak that he seldom if ever says No to them on anything no matter what the public interest might mandate. The problem is that our world is now confronting a five-alarm fire that calls for bold moral and political leadership from the fall in States of America. With such leadership, there is no doubt that we could solve the problem of global warming.After all, we brought down communism, won wars in the Pacific and europium simultaneously, enacted the Marshall Plan, found a cure for polio and put men on the moon. When we set our sights on a imaginationary goal and are unified in pursuing it, there is very little we cannot accomplish. And it is important to recall that we have besides already succeeded in organizing a winning global strategy to solve one massive global environmental challenge PICTURE 130 AND 131Instead of spending enormous sums of money on an unimaginative and retread effort to make a piddling portion of the Moon livable for a handful of people, we should focus instead on a massive effort to ensure that the Earth is habitable for future generations. If we make that choice, the U. S. can assure our economy with a new generation of advanced technologies, create millions of good new jobs, and inspire the world with a bold and moral vision of humanitys future. PICTURES 132 THROUGH 138 We are now at a true fork in the road. And in order to take the right path, we must choose the right values and adopt the right perspective.PICTURES 139 THROUGH 142 My friend the late Carl Sagan, whose idea it was to take this picture of the Earth, said this Look again at that dot. Thats here. Thats home. Thats us. On it everyone you love, everyone you know. Everyone you e ver heard of, ever y human being who ever WAS lived out their lives. The aggregate of our joy and suffering , thousands of surefooted religions, ideologies and economic doctrines, every hunter and forager, every hero and coward, every creator and destroyer of elaboration, every king and peasant, every young couple in love, every mother and father, hopeful child inventor and xplorer, every teacher of morals, every corrupt politician, every superstar, every supreme leader, every nonsuch and sinner in the history of our species lived there on a mote of dust suspended in a sunbeam. The Earth is a very atomic stage in a vast cosmic arena. Think of the rivers of blood spilled by all those generals and emperors, so that, in glory and triumph, they could become the momentary know of a fraction of a dot.Think of the endless cruelties visited by the inhabitants of one corner of this pixel on the scarcely distinguishable inhabitants of some other corner, how frequent their misunderstandin gs, how eager they are to kill one another, how fervent their hatreds , Our posturings, our imagined self-importance, the delusion that we have some privileged position in the Universe, are challenged by this point of pale settle The Earth is the only world known so far to harbor life. There is nowhere else, at least in the near future, to which our species could migrate. Visit, yes.Settle, not yet. worry it or not, for the moment the Earth is where we make our stand There is perhaps no better demonstration of the folly of human conceits than this distant image of our tiny world. To me, it underscores our responsibility to deal more kindly with one another, and to preserve and cherish the pale blue dot, the only home weve ever known Here are some excerpts from Al Gores Nobel Prize acceptance speech, as transcribed by the Toronto Star Sometimes, without warning, the future knocks on our door with a precious and painful vision of what might be.One hundred and nineteen years ago, a w ealthy inventor read his own obituary, mistakenly published years before his death. Wrongly accept the inventor had just died, a newspaper printed a harsh judgment of his lifes work, unfairly labeling him The Merchant of Death because of his invention dynamite. Shaken by this condemnation, the inventor made a fateful choice to serve the cause of peace. Seven years later, Alfred Nobel created this prize and the others that bear his name. Seven years ago tomorrow, I read my own political obituary in a judgment that seemed to me harsh and mistaken if not premature.But that unwelcome verdict also brought a precious if painful gift an prospect to search for fresh new ways to serve my purpose. Unexpectedly, that quest has brought me here. Even though I fear my words cannot match this moment, I pray what I am feeling in my heart will be communicated clearly enough that those who hear me will say, We must act. The distinguished scientists with whom it is the greatest honor of my life t o share this award have laid before us a choice between two different futures a choice that to my ears echoes the words of an antediluvian patriarch prophet Life or death, blessings or curses.Therefore, choose life, that both thou and thy seed may live. We, the human species, are confronting a planetary emergency a threat to the survival of our civilization that is gathering ominous and destructive potential even as we gather here. But there is hopeful news as well we have the ability to solve this crisis and avoid the worst though not all of its consequences, if we act boldly, decisively and quickly.However, despite a growing number of honorable exceptions, too many of the worlds leaders are still best described in the words Winston Churchill applied to those who ignored Adolf Hitlers threat They go on in strange paradox, decided only to be undecided, resolved to be irresolute, adamant for drift, solid for fluidity, all powerful to be impotent. So today, we dumped another 70 million tons of global-warming pollution into the thin shell of atmosphere surrounding our planet, as if it were an open sewer. And tomorrow, we will dump a slightly larger amount, with the accumulative concentrations now trapping more and more heat from the sun.As a result, the earth has a fever. And the fever is rising. The experts have told us it is not a passing grief that will heal by itself. We asked for a second opinion. And a third. And a fourth. And the consistent conclusion, restated with increasing alarm, is that something basic is wrong. We are what is wrong, and we must make it right Earths bunch Is the No. 1 National Security Issue By Al Gore Friday, October 12, 2007 1105 AM Editors note The following article appeared in the Posts candidate section on May 14, 1989. HOW CAN WE possibly explain the mistakes and false starts President Bush has been making on environmental policy?His administrations decision to outlaw scientific testimony on the seriousness of the gree nhouse effect and initially to oppose an international convention to begin working out a dissolver to it may well mean that the president himself does not yet see the threat clearly. Apparently he does not hear the alarms that are awakening so many other leaders from Margaret Thatcher to Mikhail Gorbachev. Humankind has suddenly entered into a brand new relationship with the planet Earth. The worlds forests are being destroyed an enormous hole is opening in the ozone layer.Living species are dying at an unprecedented rate. Chemical wastes, in growing volumes, are seeping downward to poison groundwater while colossal quantities of carbon dioxide, methane and chlorofluo-rocarbons are trapping heat in the atmosphere and raising global temperatures. How much information is needed by the human mind to own a pattern? How much more is needed by the body politic to justify action in response? If an individual or a nation is accustomed to looking at the future one year at a time, and th e past in terms of a single lifetime, then many large patterns are concealed.But seen in historical perspective, it is clear that dozens of destructive effects have followed the same pattern of unprecedented acceleration in the latter half of the 20th century. It took 10,000 human lifetimes for the population to reach 2 billion. Now in the course of one lifetime, yours and mine, it is rocketing from 2 billion to 10 billion, and is already halfway there. Yet, the pattern of our politics remains remarkably unchanged. That indifference must end. As a nation and a government, we must see that Americas future is inextricably tied to the fate of the globe.In effect, the environment is becoming a matter of national security an issue that directly and imminently menaces the interests of the state or the welfare of the people. To date, the national-security agendum has been dominated by issues of military security, embedded in the context of global struggle between the United States and th e Soviet Union a struggle often waged through distant surrogates, but which has always harbored the risk of direct confrontation and nuclear war. Given the recent changes in Soviet behavior, there is growing optimism that this long, glowering period may be passing.This may in turn open the international agenda for other urgent matters and for the release of enormous resources, now move to war, toward other objectives. Many of us hope that the global environment will be the new dominant concern. Of course, this national-security analogy must be used very cautiously. The U. S. -Soviet rivalry has lasted almost half a century, consumed several trillions of dollars, cost close to 100,000 American lives in Korea and Vietnam and profoundly shaped our psychological and social consciousness.Much the same could be said of the Soviets. Nothing relieves us of our present responsibilities for defense or of the need to conduct painstaking negotiations to limit arms and reduce the risk of war. And yet, there is laborious evidence the new enemy is at least as real as the old. For the general public, the shocking images of last years drought, or of beaches covered with medical garbage, inspire a sense of peril once sparked only by Soviet behavior. The U2 spy plane now is used to monitor not missile silos but ozone depletion.Every day in parts of southern Iowa, where it hasnt rained for more than a year, National Guard troops are being used to distribute drinking water. In the not too distant future, policies that enable the rescue of the global environment will join, perhaps even supplant, our concern with preventing nuclear war as the principal test of statecraft. However, it is important to distinguish what would in military jargon be called the level of threat. Certain environmental problems may be important but are essentially local others cross borders, and in effect represent theaters of operations still others are global and strategic.On this scale, the slow suf focation of Mexico City, the deaths of forests in America and Europe or even the desertification of large areas of Africa might not not be regarded as full-scale national-security issues. But the greenhouse effect and stratospheric ozone depletion do fit the compose of strategic national-security issues. When nations perceive that they are threatened at the strategic level, they may be induced to think of drastic responses, involving sharp discontinuities from everyday approaches to policy.In military terms, this is the point when the United States begins to think of invoking nuclear weapons. The global environment crisis may demand responses that are comparatively radical. At present, despite some progress made toward close some sources of the problem, such as CFCs, we have barely scratched the surface. Even if all other elements of the problem are solved, a major threat is still pose by emissions of carbon dioxide, the exhaling breath of the industrial culture upon which our ci vilization rests.The implications of the latest and best studies on this matter are staggering. Essentially, they tell us that with our current pattern of technology and production, we face a choice between economic growth in the near term and massive environmental disorder as the subsequent penalty. This central fact suggests that the notion of environmentally sustainable development at present may be an oxymoron, rather than a realistic objective. It declares war, in effect, on routine life in the advanced industrial societies.And central to the outcome of the entire struggle to restore global environmental balance it declares war on the Third World. If the Third World does not develop economically, poverty, hunger anddisease will consume entire populations. Rapid economic growth is a life-or-death imperative. And why should they accept what we, manifestly, will not accept for ourselves? Will any nation in the developed world accept serious compromises in levels of comfort for t he interestingness of global environmental balance?Who will apportion these sacrifices who will bear them? The effort to solve the nuclear arms race has been complicated not only by simplistic stereotypes of the enemy and the threat he poses, but by simplistic demands for immediate unilateral disarmament. Similarly, the effort to solve the global environmental crisis will be complicated not only by blind assertions that more environmental manipulation and more resource extraction are essential for economic growth.It will also be complicated by the emergence of simplistic demands that development, or technology itself, must be stopped for the problem to be solved. This is a crisis of confidence which must be addressed. The tension between the imperatives of growth and the imperative of environmental management represents a supreme test for modern industrial civilization and an extreme demand upon technology. It will call for the environmental equivalent of the Strategic Defense Init iative a Strategic Environment Initiative.I have been an opponent of the military SDI. But even opponents of SDI recognize this effort has been remarkably successful in drawing together previously disconnected government programs, in stimulating development of new technologies and in forcing a new analysis of subjects previously thought exhausted. We need the same kind of focus and intensity, and similar levels of funding, to deal comprehensively with global warming, stratospheric ozone depletion, species loss, deforestation, ocean pollution, acid rain, air and water and groundwater pollution.In every major sector of economic activity a Strategic Environment Initiative must target and then spread increasingly effective new technologies some that are already in hand, some that need further work, and some that are extremist ideas whose very existence is now a matter of speculation. For example, energy is the life blood of development. Unfortunately, todays most economical technologi es for converting energy resources into useable forms of power (such as sunburn coal to make electricity) release a plethora of pollutants. An Energy SEI should focus on producing energy for development without compromising the environment.Priorities for the near term are cleverness and conservation for the mid-term, solar power, possibly new-generation nuclear power, and biomass sources (with no extraneous pollutants and a closed carbon cycle) and for the long term, nuclear fusion, as well as compound versions of developing technologies. In agriculture, we have witnessed vast growth in Third World food production through the Green Revolution, but often that growth relied on heavily subsidized fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation and mechanization, sometimes giving the advantage to rich farmers over poor ones.We need a second green revolution, to address the needs of the Third Worlds poor a focus on increasing productivity from small farms on marginal land with low-input agricultu ral methods. These technologies, which include financial and political components, may be the key to satisfying the land hunger of the disadvantaged and the desperate who are slashing daily into the rain forest of Amazonia. It may also be the key to arresting the desertification of sub-Saharan Africa, where human need and climate stress now operate in a deadly partnership.Needed in the United States probably more than anywhere is a Transportation SEI focusing in the near term on improving the mileage standards of our vehicles, and encouraging and enabling Americans to case less. In the mid-term come questions of alternative fuels, such as biomass-based liquids or electricity. Later will come the inescapable need for re-examining the entire structure of our transportation sector, with its constitutive(a) emphasis on the personal vehicle. The U. S. government should organize itself to finance the export of energy-efficient systems and renewable energy sources.That means preferential lending arrangements through the Export-Import Bank, and Overseas closed-door Investment Corporation. Encouragement for the Third World should also come in the form of attractive international credit arrangements for energy-efficient and environmentally sustainable processes. Funds could be generated by institutions such as the World Bank, which, in the course of debt swapping, might dedicate new funds to the purchase of more environmentally sound technologies.Finally, the United States, other developers of new technology, and international lending institutions, should establish centers of training at locations around the world to create a core of environmentally educated planners and technicians an effort not unlike that which produced agricultural research centers during the Green Revolution. Immediately, we should undertake an urgent effort to obtain massive quantities of information about the global processes now under way through, for example, the Mission to Planet Earth pr ogram of NASA.And we also must target first the most readily identifiable and correctable sources of environmental damage. I have introduced a comprehensive legislative package that incorporates the major elements of this SEI It calls for a ban, within five years, on CFCs and other ozone-depleting chemicals, while promoting development of safer alternatives radically cut down CO2 emissions and increasing fuel efficiency encouraging massive reforestation programs and initiating comprehensive recycling efforts.Although Congress is recognizing the challenge, there remains a critical need for presidential leadership, for President Bush to show that as a nation we have the vision and the courage to act responsibly. And in order to accomplish our goal, we also must transform global politics, shifting from short-term concerns to long-term goals, from conflict to cooperation. But we must also transform ourselves or at least the way we think about ourselves, our children and our future.The solutions we seek will be found in a new faith in the future of life on earth after our own, a faith in the future which justifies sacrifices in the present, a new moral courage to choose higher values in the conduct of human affairs, and a new reverence for absolute principles that can serve as guiding stars for the future course of our species and our place within creation.